Correlation coefficient between carotenoid concentrations in diet and serum for nonsmokers (n = 21) and smokers (n = 35)
| Diet . | Serum . | . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lutein/zeaxanthin . | Cryptoxanthin . | γ-Tocopherol . | α-Tocopherol . | ||||
| Nonsmokers | ||||||||
| β-Carotene | 0.332 (0.141)* | 0.084 (0.717) | −0.404 (0.069) | 0.235 (0.304) | ||||
| Cryptoxanthin | −0.071 (0.761) | 0.523 (0.015) | −0.231 (0.315) | 0.050 (0.830) | ||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.345 (0.126) | 0.104 (0.654) | −0.155 (0.504) | 0.059 (0.801) | ||||
| Vitamin E | 0.323 (0.153) | 0.131 (0.573) | −0.518 (0.016) | 0.399 (0.073) | ||||
| Smokers | ||||||||
| β-Carotene | 0.457 (0.008) | 0.475 (0.005) | −0.118 (0.513) | 0.354 (0.043) | ||||
| Cryptoxanthin | 0.457 (0.007) | 0.372 (0.033) | −0.081 (0.654) | 0.065 (0.721) | ||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.470 (0.006) | 0.469 (0.009) | 0.023 (0.898) | 0.431 (0.012) | ||||
| Vitamin E | 0.321 (0.069) | 0.181 (0.313) | −0.020 (0.911) | 0.143 (0.428) | ||||
| Diet . | Serum . | . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lutein/zeaxanthin . | Cryptoxanthin . | γ-Tocopherol . | α-Tocopherol . | ||||
| Nonsmokers | ||||||||
| β-Carotene | 0.332 (0.141)* | 0.084 (0.717) | −0.404 (0.069) | 0.235 (0.304) | ||||
| Cryptoxanthin | −0.071 (0.761) | 0.523 (0.015) | −0.231 (0.315) | 0.050 (0.830) | ||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.345 (0.126) | 0.104 (0.654) | −0.155 (0.504) | 0.059 (0.801) | ||||
| Vitamin E | 0.323 (0.153) | 0.131 (0.573) | −0.518 (0.016) | 0.399 (0.073) | ||||
| Smokers | ||||||||
| β-Carotene | 0.457 (0.008) | 0.475 (0.005) | −0.118 (0.513) | 0.354 (0.043) | ||||
| Cryptoxanthin | 0.457 (0.007) | 0.372 (0.033) | −0.081 (0.654) | 0.065 (0.721) | ||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.470 (0.006) | 0.469 (0.009) | 0.023 (0.898) | 0.431 (0.012) | ||||
| Vitamin E | 0.321 (0.069) | 0.181 (0.313) | −0.020 (0.911) | 0.143 (0.428) | ||||
NOTE: There were no significant correlations for either nonsmokers or smokers for β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, retinol, or retinyl palmitate.
Pearson correlation coefficients and numbers in parentheses are P values.