Dietary intake of carotenoids, vitamin A, and vitamin E among nonsmokers and smokers, adjusted for total caloric intake
| . | Nonsmokers (n = 21) . | Smokers (n = 35) . | P* . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoids (μg/kcal) | ||||||
| β-Carotene | 2.222 ± 0.192 | 1.237 ± 0.153 | <0.001 | |||
| α-Carotene | 0.602 ± 0.078 | 0.296 ± 0.062 | 0.003 | |||
| Cryptoxanthin | 0.061 ± 0.010 | 0.049 ± 0.008 | ns | |||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 1.380 ± 0.136 | 0.921 ± 0.109 | 0.011 | |||
| Lycopene | 3.567 ± 0.344 | 2.668 ± 0.275 | 0.046 | |||
| Vitamin A (IU/kcal) | 5.930 ± 0.538 | 3.750 ± 0.430 | 0.003 | |||
| Vitamin E (μg/kcal) | 9.322 ± 2.367 | 4.009 ± 1.888 | ns | |||
| . | Nonsmokers (n = 21) . | Smokers (n = 35) . | P* . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoids (μg/kcal) | ||||||
| β-Carotene | 2.222 ± 0.192 | 1.237 ± 0.153 | <0.001 | |||
| α-Carotene | 0.602 ± 0.078 | 0.296 ± 0.062 | 0.003 | |||
| Cryptoxanthin | 0.061 ± 0.010 | 0.049 ± 0.008 | ns | |||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 1.380 ± 0.136 | 0.921 ± 0.109 | 0.011 | |||
| Lycopene | 3.567 ± 0.344 | 2.668 ± 0.275 | 0.046 | |||
| Vitamin A (IU/kcal) | 5.930 ± 0.538 | 3.750 ± 0.430 | 0.003 | |||
| Vitamin E (μg/kcal) | 9.322 ± 2.367 | 4.009 ± 1.888 | ns | |||
NOTE: Data are mean ±SE.
Means between the two groups were compared by using ANOVA and the mean.