Age-standardized characteristics of nested case-control study participants by prostate cancer and T. vaginalis plasma antibody status, Health Professionals Follow-up Study 1994
| . | Prostate cancer case and matched control status . | . | P* . | T. vaginalis antibody serostatus (controls only) . | . | P† . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Cases (n = 691) . | Controls (n = 691) . | . | Seropositive (n = 65) . | Seronegative (n = 626) . | . | ||||||
| Mean age at blood draw (y) | 65.8 | 65.7 | Matching variable | 65.8 | 65.7 | 0.98 | ||||||
| Caucasian race (%) | 94.6 | 94.2 | 0.56 | 92.4 | 94.4 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Family history of prostate cancer (%)‡ | 21.8 | 16.8 | 0.02 | 9.3 | 17.6 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Mean height in 1986 (in.) | 70.1 | 70.1 | 0.76 | 70.2 | 70.1 | 0.86 | ||||||
| Smoked cigarettes in the past 10 y (%) | 16.5 | 17.7 | 0.61 | 14.4 | 18.0 | 0.46 | ||||||
| Mean intakes of | ||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 2,012 | 2,035 | 0.47 | 1,936 | 2,045 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Alcohol (g/d) | 11.8 | 11.5 | 0.70 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Tomato sauce (servings/d)§ | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.28 | ||||||
| Red meat (servings/d)§ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.70 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Fish (servings/d)§ | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Fructose in 1990 (g/d)∥ | 49.9 | 49.4 | 0.60 | 49.9 | 49.4 | 0.79 | ||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 950.1 | 951.5 | 0.95 | 899.1 | 956.9 | 0.32 | ||||||
| α-Linolenic acid (g/d)∥ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.93 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.79 | ||||||
| Vitamin E supplementation (%) | 37.5 | 34.4 | 0.28 | 32.0 | 34.7 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Any vigorous leisure-time physical activity (%) | 58.0 | 57.4 | 0.87 | 61.3 | 57.0 | 0.51 | ||||||
| Vasectomy (%) | 25.9 | 26.5 | 0.85 | 32.3 | 25.9 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 (%) | 6.2 | 5.8 | 0.82 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Aspirin use since age 20 y (%)¶ | ||||||||||||
| Infrequent (0-19% of the time) | 26.9 | 23.6 | 22.9 | 23.7 | ||||||||
| Moderate (20-79% of the time) | 29.5 | 31.8 | 0.40 | 29.8 | 32.0 | 0.68 | ||||||
| Regular (80-100% of the time) | 39.1 | 39.1 | 41.2 | 38.9 | ||||||||
| PSA test after blood draw (%)** | 99.6 | 99.7 | 1.00 | 100.0 | 99.4 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Digital rectal examination after blood draw (%)** | 98.1 | 96.8 | 0.16 | 97.1 | 96.8 | 0.90 | ||||||
| History of (%)†† | ||||||||||||
| Gonorrhea | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.00 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Syphilis | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | ||||||
| Clinical prostatitis | 22.0 | 18.0 | 0.07 | 21.8 | 17.6 | 0.39 | ||||||
| Mean monthly ejaculation frequency, ages 20 to 29 y†† | 13.6 | 14.0 | 0.17 | 14.3 | 14.0 | 0.70 | ||||||
| Consumed alcohol, ages 18 to 22 y (%)‡‡ | 69.6 | 68.2 | 0.61 | 75.4 | 67.4 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Smoked cigarettes before age 30 y (%)§§ | 47.9 | 49.5 | 0.59 | 46.5 | 49.8 | 0.61 | ||||||
| Mean body mass index at age 21 y (kg/m2)§§ | 22.8 | 22.9 | 0.24 | 23.2 | 22.9 | 0.48 | ||||||
| Any vigorous physical activity (%) in†† | ||||||||||||
| High school | 84.8 | 85.0 | 1.00 | 86.5 | 84.8 | 0.72 | ||||||
| College | 76.6 | 76.8 | 0.95 | 80.4 | 76.5 | 0.47 | ||||||
| . | Prostate cancer case and matched control status . | . | P* . | T. vaginalis antibody serostatus (controls only) . | . | P† . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Cases (n = 691) . | Controls (n = 691) . | . | Seropositive (n = 65) . | Seronegative (n = 626) . | . | ||||||
| Mean age at blood draw (y) | 65.8 | 65.7 | Matching variable | 65.8 | 65.7 | 0.98 | ||||||
| Caucasian race (%) | 94.6 | 94.2 | 0.56 | 92.4 | 94.4 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Family history of prostate cancer (%)‡ | 21.8 | 16.8 | 0.02 | 9.3 | 17.6 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Mean height in 1986 (in.) | 70.1 | 70.1 | 0.76 | 70.2 | 70.1 | 0.86 | ||||||
| Smoked cigarettes in the past 10 y (%) | 16.5 | 17.7 | 0.61 | 14.4 | 18.0 | 0.46 | ||||||
| Mean intakes of | ||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 2,012 | 2,035 | 0.47 | 1,936 | 2,045 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Alcohol (g/d) | 11.8 | 11.5 | 0.70 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Tomato sauce (servings/d)§ | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.28 | ||||||
| Red meat (servings/d)§ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.70 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Fish (servings/d)§ | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Fructose in 1990 (g/d)∥ | 49.9 | 49.4 | 0.60 | 49.9 | 49.4 | 0.79 | ||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 950.1 | 951.5 | 0.95 | 899.1 | 956.9 | 0.32 | ||||||
| α-Linolenic acid (g/d)∥ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.93 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.79 | ||||||
| Vitamin E supplementation (%) | 37.5 | 34.4 | 0.28 | 32.0 | 34.7 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Any vigorous leisure-time physical activity (%) | 58.0 | 57.4 | 0.87 | 61.3 | 57.0 | 0.51 | ||||||
| Vasectomy (%) | 25.9 | 26.5 | 0.85 | 32.3 | 25.9 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 (%) | 6.2 | 5.8 | 0.82 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Aspirin use since age 20 y (%)¶ | ||||||||||||
| Infrequent (0-19% of the time) | 26.9 | 23.6 | 22.9 | 23.7 | ||||||||
| Moderate (20-79% of the time) | 29.5 | 31.8 | 0.40 | 29.8 | 32.0 | 0.68 | ||||||
| Regular (80-100% of the time) | 39.1 | 39.1 | 41.2 | 38.9 | ||||||||
| PSA test after blood draw (%)** | 99.6 | 99.7 | 1.00 | 100.0 | 99.4 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Digital rectal examination after blood draw (%)** | 98.1 | 96.8 | 0.16 | 97.1 | 96.8 | 0.90 | ||||||
| History of (%)†† | ||||||||||||
| Gonorrhea | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.00 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Syphilis | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | ||||||
| Clinical prostatitis | 22.0 | 18.0 | 0.07 | 21.8 | 17.6 | 0.39 | ||||||
| Mean monthly ejaculation frequency, ages 20 to 29 y†† | 13.6 | 14.0 | 0.17 | 14.3 | 14.0 | 0.70 | ||||||
| Consumed alcohol, ages 18 to 22 y (%)‡‡ | 69.6 | 68.2 | 0.61 | 75.4 | 67.4 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Smoked cigarettes before age 30 y (%)§§ | 47.9 | 49.5 | 0.59 | 46.5 | 49.8 | 0.61 | ||||||
| Mean body mass index at age 21 y (kg/m2)§§ | 22.8 | 22.9 | 0.24 | 23.2 | 22.9 | 0.48 | ||||||
| Any vigorous physical activity (%) in†† | ||||||||||||
| High school | 84.8 | 85.0 | 1.00 | 86.5 | 84.8 | 0.72 | ||||||
| College | 76.6 | 76.8 | 0.95 | 80.4 | 76.5 | 0.47 | ||||||
NOTE: Data are age-standardized by matching for comparisons between prostate cancer cases and controls, and by multivariable linear regression (including 2-year age indicator variables) for comparisons between T. vaginalis antibody seropositive and seronegative participants.
Assessed by paired t test for continuous variables, McNemar's test for dichotomous variables, and the likelihood ratio test for polychotomous variables.
Assessed by the Wald test.
Assessed in 1990 to 1996.
Cumulative mean intake between 1986 and 1994.
Adjusted for total energy intake.
Percentages do not sum to 100% due to missing values.
Assessed through 2000.
Assessed in 1992.
Assessed in 1988.
Assessed in 1986.