RRs and 95% CIs of prostate cancer by lycopene intake and serum lycopene
| Author . | Diet lycopene (moderate intake) . | Diet lycopene (high intake) . | Serum lycopene (moderate value) . | Serum lycopene (high value) . | Cases/controls or cohort size . | Variables of adjustment . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Key et al. (5) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | – | – | – | Age, energy intake, ethnicity | ||||||
| Meyer et al. (26) | 1.28 (0.81–2.01) | 1.73 (0.92–3.26) | – | – | 215/593 | Age, education, family history, energy intake | ||||||
| Jain et al. (3) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | – | – | 617/636 | Age, total energy, vasectomy, smoking, marital status, study area, BMI, vitamin use, diet | ||||||
| Deneo-Pelligrini et al. (27) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | – | – | 175/233 | Age, residence, education, family history, BMI, energy intake | ||||||
| Cohen et al. (4) | 1.08 (0.83–1.39) | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | – | – | 628/602 | Age, race, fat, energy, family history, BMI, antigen tests, education | ||||||
| Norrish et al. (16) | 0.81 (0.60– 1.11) | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) | – | – | 317/480 | Age, height, NSAIDs, socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Lu et al. (19) | 1.03 (0.44– 2.38) | 0.69 (0.23–2.08) | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | 0.17 (0.04–0.78) | 65/132 | Age, race, smoking, education, family history, alcohol, calories | ||||||
| Vogt et al. (10) | – | – | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 0.65 (0.36–1.15) | 209/228 | Age, race, study center, time of blood draw | ||||||
| Cohort or nested case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Hsing et al. (18) | – | – | 0.69 (0.39–1.23) | 0.50 (0.20–1.29) | 103/103 | Age, race, smoking, education, time of last meal | ||||||
| Cerhan et al. (25) | – | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | – | – | 101/1575 | Age, energy, nondietary factors | ||||||
| Nomura et al. (20) | – | – | 1.00 (0.64–1.57) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 142/142 | Age, smoking | ||||||
| Gann et al. (17) | – | – | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.75 (0.54–1.06) | 578/1294 | Age, smoking, exercise, follow-up time, BMI, plasma cholesterol, alcohol, vitamin use | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (22) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | – | – | 2481/47,365 | Age, time, family history, BMI, energy intake, vitamins | ||||||
| Schuurman et al. (24) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | – | – | 642/58,279 | Age, history, socioeconomic status, alcohol | ||||||
| Huang et al. (CLUE I; Ref. 28) | – | – | 0.85 (0.62–1.18) | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 182/364 | Age, race, date of blood donation, total lipid level, hours since last meal, education | ||||||
| Huang et al. (CLUE II; 28) | – | – | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.79 (0.41–1.54) | 142/284 | Age, race, date of blood donation, total lipid level, hours since last meal, education, BMI | ||||||
| Author . | Diet lycopene (moderate intake) . | Diet lycopene (high intake) . | Serum lycopene (moderate value) . | Serum lycopene (high value) . | Cases/controls or cohort size . | Variables of adjustment . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Key et al. (5) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | – | – | – | Age, energy intake, ethnicity | ||||||
| Meyer et al. (26) | 1.28 (0.81–2.01) | 1.73 (0.92–3.26) | – | – | 215/593 | Age, education, family history, energy intake | ||||||
| Jain et al. (3) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | – | – | 617/636 | Age, total energy, vasectomy, smoking, marital status, study area, BMI, vitamin use, diet | ||||||
| Deneo-Pelligrini et al. (27) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | – | – | 175/233 | Age, residence, education, family history, BMI, energy intake | ||||||
| Cohen et al. (4) | 1.08 (0.83–1.39) | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | – | – | 628/602 | Age, race, fat, energy, family history, BMI, antigen tests, education | ||||||
| Norrish et al. (16) | 0.81 (0.60– 1.11) | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) | – | – | 317/480 | Age, height, NSAIDs, socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Lu et al. (19) | 1.03 (0.44– 2.38) | 0.69 (0.23–2.08) | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | 0.17 (0.04–0.78) | 65/132 | Age, race, smoking, education, family history, alcohol, calories | ||||||
| Vogt et al. (10) | – | – | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 0.65 (0.36–1.15) | 209/228 | Age, race, study center, time of blood draw | ||||||
| Cohort or nested case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Hsing et al. (18) | – | – | 0.69 (0.39–1.23) | 0.50 (0.20–1.29) | 103/103 | Age, race, smoking, education, time of last meal | ||||||
| Cerhan et al. (25) | – | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | – | – | 101/1575 | Age, energy, nondietary factors | ||||||
| Nomura et al. (20) | – | – | 1.00 (0.64–1.57) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 142/142 | Age, smoking | ||||||
| Gann et al. (17) | – | – | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.75 (0.54–1.06) | 578/1294 | Age, smoking, exercise, follow-up time, BMI, plasma cholesterol, alcohol, vitamin use | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (22) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | – | – | 2481/47,365 | Age, time, family history, BMI, energy intake, vitamins | ||||||
| Schuurman et al. (24) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | – | – | 642/58,279 | Age, history, socioeconomic status, alcohol | ||||||
| Huang et al. (CLUE I; Ref. 28) | – | – | 0.85 (0.62–1.18) | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 182/364 | Age, race, date of blood donation, total lipid level, hours since last meal, education | ||||||
| Huang et al. (CLUE II; 28) | – | – | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.79 (0.41–1.54) | 142/284 | Age, race, date of blood donation, total lipid level, hours since last meal, education, BMI | ||||||
Note: Moderate intake corresponds to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles of the distribution, while high intake corresponds to the 5th quintile. Moderate value corresponds to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles of the distribution, while high value corresponds to the 5th quintile.