RRs and 95% CIs of prostate cancer by tomato intake
| Author . | Raw tomatoes (moderate intake) . | Raw tomatoes (high intake) . | Cooked tomatoes (moderate intake) . | Cooked tomatoes (high intake) . | Cases/controls or cohort size . | Variables of adjustment . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Key et al. (5) | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 1.06 (0.55–1.62) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | 328/328 | Age, energy intake, ethnicity | ||||||
| Tzonou et al. (2) | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | 0.53 (0.08–2.9) | 0.64 (0.27–1.53) | 0.46 (0.04–3.60) | 320/246 | Age, height, BMI, energy intake | ||||||
| Jain et al. (3) | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | – | – | 617/636 | Age, calories, vasectomy, smoking, marital status, study location, BMI, vitamin use, diet | ||||||
| Cohen et al. (4) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 1.22 (0.83–1.80) | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 682/602 | Age, race, fat, energy, family history, BMI, antigen tests, education | ||||||
| Villeneuve et al. (14) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | – | – | 1623/1623 | Age, location, race, smoking, BMI, diet, alcohol, income, diet, family history | ||||||
| Kolonel et al. (15) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 1619/1618 | Age, education, race | ||||||
| Norrish et al. (16) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 1.01 (0.66–1.53) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | 317/480 | Age, site, calories, height, NSAIDs, socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Cohort studies | ||||||||||||
| Mills et al. (21) | 0.62 (0.40– 0.96) | 0.57 (0.35–0.93) | – | – | 180/1400 | Age | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (23) | 0.91 (0.78– 1.05) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | – | – | 773/47,894 | Age, calories, family history, vasectomy, fat, retinol | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (22) | – | – | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 2481/47,365 | Time, ancestry, BMI, calories, vitamins | ||||||
| Author . | Raw tomatoes (moderate intake) . | Raw tomatoes (high intake) . | Cooked tomatoes (moderate intake) . | Cooked tomatoes (high intake) . | Cases/controls or cohort size . | Variables of adjustment . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control studies | ||||||||||||
| Key et al. (5) | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 1.06 (0.55–1.62) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | 328/328 | Age, energy intake, ethnicity | ||||||
| Tzonou et al. (2) | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | 0.53 (0.08–2.9) | 0.64 (0.27–1.53) | 0.46 (0.04–3.60) | 320/246 | Age, height, BMI, energy intake | ||||||
| Jain et al. (3) | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | – | – | 617/636 | Age, calories, vasectomy, smoking, marital status, study location, BMI, vitamin use, diet | ||||||
| Cohen et al. (4) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 1.22 (0.83–1.80) | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 682/602 | Age, race, fat, energy, family history, BMI, antigen tests, education | ||||||
| Villeneuve et al. (14) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | – | – | 1623/1623 | Age, location, race, smoking, BMI, diet, alcohol, income, diet, family history | ||||||
| Kolonel et al. (15) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 1619/1618 | Age, education, race | ||||||
| Norrish et al. (16) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 1.01 (0.66–1.53) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | 317/480 | Age, site, calories, height, NSAIDs, socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Cohort studies | ||||||||||||
| Mills et al. (21) | 0.62 (0.40– 0.96) | 0.57 (0.35–0.93) | – | – | 180/1400 | Age | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (23) | 0.91 (0.78– 1.05) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | – | – | 773/47,894 | Age, calories, family history, vasectomy, fat, retinol | ||||||
| Giovanucci et al. (22) | – | – | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 2481/47,365 | Time, ancestry, BMI, calories, vitamins | ||||||
Note: Moderate intake corresponds to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles of the distribution, while high intake corresponds to the 5th quintile. BMI, body mass index; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.