Demographic and psychosocial factors associated with increased dietary supplement use among colon cancer survivors and population-based controls in North Carolina (N = 737)
| Characteristic . | Survivors (n = 278) . | . | . | . | Controls (n = 459) . | . | . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Took ≥1 new dietary supplement between NCCCS and NC STRIDES (yes) . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
| . | N (%) . | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) . | P value† . | P value‡ . | N (%) . | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) . | P value† . | P value‡ . | ||||||||
| All | 120 (43) | — | — | — | 195 (42) | — | ||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| <55 years | 12 (10) | 1.0 | 0.0005 | 22 (11) | 1.0 | 0.14 | ||||||||||
| 55-64 years | 37 (31) | 5.9 (2.4-14.4) | <0.0001 | 40 (21) | 1.3 (0.6-2.7) | 0.47 | ||||||||||
| ≥65 years | 71 (59) | 2.8 (1.2-6.4) | 0.01 | 133 (68) | 1.9 (0.9-3.7) | 0.07 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Males | 53 (44) | 1.0 | 0.0005 | 86 (44) | 1.0 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| Females | 67 (56) | 2.6 (1.5-4.4) | 0.0005 | 109 (56) | 1.8 (1.2-2.7) | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| P value | 0.0005 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤High school | 68 (57) | 1.0 | 0.05 | 92 (48) | 1.0 | 0.26 | ||||||||||
| Some college | 16 (13) | 0.5 (0.3-1.1) | 0.08 | 46 (24) | 1.5 (0.9-2.6) | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| College graduate/Advanced degree | 35 (29) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.30 | 55 (28) | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 0.57 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.98 | 0.29 | ||||||||||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 84 (70) | 1.0 | 0.004 | 136 (70) | 1.0 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| African American | 36 (30) | 0.4 (0.3-0.8) | 0.004 | 59 (30) | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| P value | 0.004 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Never married | 6 (5) | 1.0 | 0.20 | 4 (2) | 1.0 | 0.47 | ||||||||||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 31 (26) | 0.4 (0.1-1.4) | 0.15 | 58 (30) | 1.5 (0.4-5.4) | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Married/living with partner | 82 (69) | 0.7 (0.2-2.2) | 0.50 | 132 (68) | 1.8 (0.5-6.4) | 0.35 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.22 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||||||
| Employed outside the home | 40 (33) | 1.0 | 0.86 | 73 (37) | 1.0 | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Retired/Not employed outside the home | 80 (67) | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) | 0.86 | 122 (63) | 0.7 (0.5-1.2) | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair/Poor | 15 (13) | 1.0 | 0.18 | 29 (15) | 1.0 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
| Good | 53 (45) | 1.9 (0.9-4.2) | 0.10 | 88 (46) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) | 0.33 | ||||||||||
| Excellent/Very good | 51 (43) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 0.49 | 76 (39) | 1.2 (0.6-2.2) | 0.60 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.28 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||||
| Self-efficacy§ | ||||||||||||||||
| Somewhat unsure/Very unsure | 47 (44) | 1.0 | 87 (49) | 1.0 | 0.94 | |||||||||||
| Sure | 22 (21) | 1.0 (0.5-2.1) | 0.98 | 0.28 | 32 (18) | 0.7 (0.4-1.2) | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Very sure | 37 (35) | 1.6 (0.9-3.1) | 0.14 | 60 (34) | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 0.55 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.25 | 0.92 | ||||||||||||||
| Barriers∥ | ||||||||||||||||
| Disagree a lot | 35 (38) | 1.0 | 0.45 | 70 (41) | 1.0 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Disagree a little | 45 (48) | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 0.28 | 82 (49) | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 0.38 | ||||||||||
| Agree a lot or a little | 13 (14) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | 0.37 | 17 (10) | 0.4 (0.2-0.9) | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.21 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
| Social support¶ | ||||||||||||||||
| Not at all/Not applicable | 13 (12) | 1.0 | 0.69 | 14 (9) | 1.0 | 0.97 | ||||||||||
| Some | 38 (37) | 1.1 (0.4-2 .8) | 0.91 | 64 (40) | 0.9 (0.4-2.2) | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| A lot | 53 (51) | 0.8 (0.3-2.0) | 0.66 | 83 (52) | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.79 | 0.83 | ||||||||||||||
| Characteristic . | Survivors (n = 278) . | . | . | . | Controls (n = 459) . | . | . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Took ≥1 new dietary supplement between NCCCS and NC STRIDES (yes) . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
| . | N (%) . | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) . | P value† . | P value‡ . | N (%) . | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) . | P value† . | P value‡ . | ||||||||
| All | 120 (43) | — | — | — | 195 (42) | — | ||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| <55 years | 12 (10) | 1.0 | 0.0005 | 22 (11) | 1.0 | 0.14 | ||||||||||
| 55-64 years | 37 (31) | 5.9 (2.4-14.4) | <0.0001 | 40 (21) | 1.3 (0.6-2.7) | 0.47 | ||||||||||
| ≥65 years | 71 (59) | 2.8 (1.2-6.4) | 0.01 | 133 (68) | 1.9 (0.9-3.7) | 0.07 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Males | 53 (44) | 1.0 | 0.0005 | 86 (44) | 1.0 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| Females | 67 (56) | 2.6 (1.5-4.4) | 0.0005 | 109 (56) | 1.8 (1.2-2.7) | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| P value | 0.0005 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤High school | 68 (57) | 1.0 | 0.05 | 92 (48) | 1.0 | 0.26 | ||||||||||
| Some college | 16 (13) | 0.5 (0.3-1.1) | 0.08 | 46 (24) | 1.5 (0.9-2.6) | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| College graduate/Advanced degree | 35 (29) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.30 | 55 (28) | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) | 0.57 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.98 | 0.29 | ||||||||||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 84 (70) | 1.0 | 0.004 | 136 (70) | 1.0 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| African American | 36 (30) | 0.4 (0.3-0.8) | 0.004 | 59 (30) | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| P value | 0.004 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Never married | 6 (5) | 1.0 | 0.20 | 4 (2) | 1.0 | 0.47 | ||||||||||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 31 (26) | 0.4 (0.1-1.4) | 0.15 | 58 (30) | 1.5 (0.4-5.4) | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Married/living with partner | 82 (69) | 0.7 (0.2-2.2) | 0.50 | 132 (68) | 1.8 (0.5-6.4) | 0.35 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.22 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||||||
| Employed outside the home | 40 (33) | 1.0 | 0.86 | 73 (37) | 1.0 | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Retired/Not employed outside the home | 80 (67) | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) | 0.86 | 122 (63) | 0.7 (0.5-1.2) | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair/Poor | 15 (13) | 1.0 | 0.18 | 29 (15) | 1.0 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
| Good | 53 (45) | 1.9 (0.9-4.2) | 0.10 | 88 (46) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) | 0.33 | ||||||||||
| Excellent/Very good | 51 (43) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 0.49 | 76 (39) | 1.2 (0.6-2.2) | 0.60 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.28 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||||
| Self-efficacy§ | ||||||||||||||||
| Somewhat unsure/Very unsure | 47 (44) | 1.0 | 87 (49) | 1.0 | 0.94 | |||||||||||
| Sure | 22 (21) | 1.0 (0.5-2.1) | 0.98 | 0.28 | 32 (18) | 0.7 (0.4-1.2) | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Very sure | 37 (35) | 1.6 (0.9-3.1) | 0.14 | 60 (34) | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 0.55 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.25 | 0.92 | ||||||||||||||
| Barriers∥ | ||||||||||||||||
| Disagree a lot | 35 (38) | 1.0 | 0.45 | 70 (41) | 1.0 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Disagree a little | 45 (48) | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 0.28 | 82 (49) | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 0.38 | ||||||||||
| Agree a lot or a little | 13 (14) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | 0.37 | 17 (10) | 0.4 (0.2-0.9) | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.21 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
| Social support¶ | ||||||||||||||||
| Not at all/Not applicable | 13 (12) | 1.0 | 0.69 | 14 (9) | 1.0 | 0.97 | ||||||||||
| Some | 38 (37) | 1.1 (0.4-2 .8) | 0.91 | 64 (40) | 0.9 (0.4-2.2) | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| A lot | 53 (51) | 0.8 (0.3-2.0) | 0.66 | 83 (52) | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| P for trend | 0.79 | 0.83 | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and employment status.
P value comparing each level of the variable to the reference.
P value comparing all levels of the variable simultaneously.
Question: How sure are you that you have the ability to succeed in eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day for the next 6 months? (Very sure, sure, somewhat sure, somewhat unsure, very unsure, don't know/refused). Very sure = higher self-efficacy.
Question: Thinking about eating more fruits and vegetables than you do now, please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. It would be hard for me to eat more fruits and vegetables than I do now because: (1) I'm not in the habit of eating them, (2) I can't get them easily when I eat out, (3) I don't have enough time to prepare them, (4) They cost too much, (5) I don't think that eating more of them will make me healthier, (6) I eat alone so I don't fix enough of them. (Agree a lot, agree a little, disagree a lot, disagree a little, don't know/refused). Agree a lot or a little = having more barriers.
Question: If you tried to eat healthier foods, how much would you count on those close to you to: (1) Encourage you, (2) Tell you about healthier foods and how to prepare them, (3) Prepare healthier foods with or for you, (4) Eat healthier foods with you. (A lot, some, not at all, don't know/refused). A lot = more social support.