Results reported by studies evaluating the effect of total alcohol consumption on lung cancer risk
| Study and location . | Study sizea and location . | Smoking adjustment . | Comparison . | OR/RR (95% CI or P) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case control studies | ||||
| Kabat and Wynder, 1984 (10) | 37/37 M | NAb (Never smokers) | No difference in alcohol consumption found | Not presented |
| 97/97 F | ||||
| (U.S.) | ||||
| Koo, 1988 (37) | 88/137 F (China) | NA (Never smokers) | Drinking ≥1 times/wk (yes/no) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) |
| Restrepo et al., 1989 (16) | 102/181 M and F (Colombia) | Cigarettes/day | Nondrinker | 1.0 |
| Former drinker | 0.6 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Occasional drinker | 0.9 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Habitual drinker | 1.1 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Pierce et al., 1989 (15) | 71/71 M (Australia) | “Smoking pattern” (smoking prevalence, time since cessation of smoking and cigarettes/day) | Drinks/wk (continuous variable) | 1.0 (0.99–1.01) |
| Duration, yr (continuous variable) | 1.0 (0.96, 1.03) | |||
| Bandera et al., 1992 (20) | 280/564 white M (U.S.) | Smoking history (pack-yr) | >22 drinks/mo vs. drinking less | (>40 pack-yr cigarette smoking) |
| 1.6 (1.0–2.5) (No association for light smokers) | ||||
| De Stefani et al., 1993 (24) | 327/350 M (Uruguay) | Pack-yr in four categories | Nondrinker vs. ml of pure ethanol/dayc | |
| 1–60 ml | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | |||
| 61–176 | 1.6 (0.9–2.0) | |||
| >176 | 2.2 (1.3–3.0) | |||
| P for trend: 0.002 | ||||
| Dosemeci et al., 1997 (29) | 1,210/829 M (Turkey) | Smoking categories (never, <20 pack-yr, 20–29 pack-yr, >29 pack-yr) | vs. nondrinker | |
| Amount (cl/wk) | ||||
| 1–35 | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | |||
| 36–140 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | |||
| >141 | 1.7 (1.7–2.9) | |||
| P for trend <0.001 | ||||
| Carpenter et al., 1998 (31) | 261/615 M and F (U.S.) | Indicator variables for pack-yr and yr since quitting smoking | Never-3 drinks/mo vs. >3 drinks/day | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) |
| Cohort studies | ||||
| Kvale et al., 1983 (9) | 116/10,602 M | Never-, ex- and current smokers of 1–9, 10–19, and ≥20 cigarettes/day | Highest tertile of alcohol consumption vs. lowest | All subjects: 1.3 (P = 0.37) |
| 11.5 follow-up (Norway) | Low vitamin A consumers: 3.6 (P = 0.03) | |||
| Gordon and Kannel, 1984 (40) | 42/2,106 M | Cigarettes/day | oz/mo as continuous variable | 1.0 (P > 0.05) M |
| 9/2,641 F | 0.7 (P > 0.05) F | |||
| 22 yr follow-up (Framingham Study, U.S.) | ||||
| Pollack et al., 1984 (11) | 89/7,837 M | Smoking status | (oz/mo based on usual consumption during 1 mo at baseline) | (CI or P not shown) |
| 14-yr follow-up (Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Hawaii) | Adjustment for amount smoked did not change estimates | |||
| None | 1.0 | |||
| <5 | 0.7 | |||
| 5–14 | 1.3 | |||
| 15–39 | 1.7 | |||
| >39 (or >1.18 l./mo) | 1.9 | |||
| P for trend: 0.003 | ||||
| Kono et al., 1986, 1987 (12, 41) | 74/5,477 M | Non, ex- and current smokers of <10, 10–19, ≥20 cigarettes day | Nondrinker | 1.0 |
| 19-yr follow-up (Japanese Physicians Study, Japan) | Ex-drinker | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | ||
| Occasional drinker | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | |||
| Daily drinker of | ||||
| <54 ml of alcohol | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | |||
| ≥54 ml of alcohol | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | |||
| Stemmermann et al., 1990 (18) | 209/8,006 M | Current smoking status, age started smoking and no. of cigarettes/day (current smokers), ex-smoker status, maximum no. of cigarettes/day and yr smoking maximum amount (ex-smokers) | (oz/mo based on 24-h recall) | |
| 22-yr follow-up (Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Hawaii) | 0 | 1.0 | ||
| <5 | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | |||
| 5–14 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | |||
| 15–39 | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| >39 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | |||
| P for trend 0.09 | ||||
| Bandera et al., 1997 (28) | 395/27,544 M | Cigarettes/day and yr smoking | Highest vs. lowest tertile of consumption | |
| 130/20,456 F | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) M | |||
| 8 yr | P for trend: 0.001 | |||
| (New York State Cohort Study, U.S.) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) F | |||
| P for trend: 0.8 | ||||
| (Squamous cell carcinoma cases) | ||||
| 1.5 (0.97–2.3) | ||||
| Cohort studies (cont’d) | ||||
| Prescott et al., 1999 (32) | 480/15,107 M | Six categories of present smoking and eight categories of duration of smoking (Best fit based on likelihood ratio test) | No. of drinks/wk: | (M) |
| 194/13,053 F | <1 | 1.0 | ||
| (Copenhagen City Heart Study, the Centre of Preventive Medicine, and the Copenhagen Male Study, Denmark) | 1–6 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | ||
| 7–13 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | |||
| 14–20 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |||
| 21–41 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |||
| >41 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | |||
| P for trend: 0.002 | ||||
| (No relationship for F) | ||||
| Woodson et al., 1999 (33) | 1059/27,111 M smokers | Cigarettes smoked per day and total yr smoked | Nondrinker vs. drinker | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
| 7.7 yr (ATBC Study, Finland) | Highest quartile of drinking vs. lowest quartile of g/day) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | ||
| (Adenocarcinoma) | ||||
| 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | ||||
| Breslow et al., 2000 (34) | 158/20,004 M and F 8.5 yr (U.S.) | Packs/day and duration of smoking as continuous variables | Highest quartile of alcohol intake compared with lowest | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
| (Nonsmokers) | ||||
| 2.3 (1.1–4.6) |
| Study and location . | Study sizea and location . | Smoking adjustment . | Comparison . | OR/RR (95% CI or P) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case control studies | ||||
| Kabat and Wynder, 1984 (10) | 37/37 M | NAb (Never smokers) | No difference in alcohol consumption found | Not presented |
| 97/97 F | ||||
| (U.S.) | ||||
| Koo, 1988 (37) | 88/137 F (China) | NA (Never smokers) | Drinking ≥1 times/wk (yes/no) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) |
| Restrepo et al., 1989 (16) | 102/181 M and F (Colombia) | Cigarettes/day | Nondrinker | 1.0 |
| Former drinker | 0.6 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Occasional drinker | 0.9 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Habitual drinker | 1.1 (P > 0.05) | |||
| Pierce et al., 1989 (15) | 71/71 M (Australia) | “Smoking pattern” (smoking prevalence, time since cessation of smoking and cigarettes/day) | Drinks/wk (continuous variable) | 1.0 (0.99–1.01) |
| Duration, yr (continuous variable) | 1.0 (0.96, 1.03) | |||
| Bandera et al., 1992 (20) | 280/564 white M (U.S.) | Smoking history (pack-yr) | >22 drinks/mo vs. drinking less | (>40 pack-yr cigarette smoking) |
| 1.6 (1.0–2.5) (No association for light smokers) | ||||
| De Stefani et al., 1993 (24) | 327/350 M (Uruguay) | Pack-yr in four categories | Nondrinker vs. ml of pure ethanol/dayc | |
| 1–60 ml | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | |||
| 61–176 | 1.6 (0.9–2.0) | |||
| >176 | 2.2 (1.3–3.0) | |||
| P for trend: 0.002 | ||||
| Dosemeci et al., 1997 (29) | 1,210/829 M (Turkey) | Smoking categories (never, <20 pack-yr, 20–29 pack-yr, >29 pack-yr) | vs. nondrinker | |
| Amount (cl/wk) | ||||
| 1–35 | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | |||
| 36–140 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | |||
| >141 | 1.7 (1.7–2.9) | |||
| P for trend <0.001 | ||||
| Carpenter et al., 1998 (31) | 261/615 M and F (U.S.) | Indicator variables for pack-yr and yr since quitting smoking | Never-3 drinks/mo vs. >3 drinks/day | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) |
| Cohort studies | ||||
| Kvale et al., 1983 (9) | 116/10,602 M | Never-, ex- and current smokers of 1–9, 10–19, and ≥20 cigarettes/day | Highest tertile of alcohol consumption vs. lowest | All subjects: 1.3 (P = 0.37) |
| 11.5 follow-up (Norway) | Low vitamin A consumers: 3.6 (P = 0.03) | |||
| Gordon and Kannel, 1984 (40) | 42/2,106 M | Cigarettes/day | oz/mo as continuous variable | 1.0 (P > 0.05) M |
| 9/2,641 F | 0.7 (P > 0.05) F | |||
| 22 yr follow-up (Framingham Study, U.S.) | ||||
| Pollack et al., 1984 (11) | 89/7,837 M | Smoking status | (oz/mo based on usual consumption during 1 mo at baseline) | (CI or P not shown) |
| 14-yr follow-up (Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Hawaii) | Adjustment for amount smoked did not change estimates | |||
| None | 1.0 | |||
| <5 | 0.7 | |||
| 5–14 | 1.3 | |||
| 15–39 | 1.7 | |||
| >39 (or >1.18 l./mo) | 1.9 | |||
| P for trend: 0.003 | ||||
| Kono et al., 1986, 1987 (12, 41) | 74/5,477 M | Non, ex- and current smokers of <10, 10–19, ≥20 cigarettes day | Nondrinker | 1.0 |
| 19-yr follow-up (Japanese Physicians Study, Japan) | Ex-drinker | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | ||
| Occasional drinker | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | |||
| Daily drinker of | ||||
| <54 ml of alcohol | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | |||
| ≥54 ml of alcohol | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | |||
| Stemmermann et al., 1990 (18) | 209/8,006 M | Current smoking status, age started smoking and no. of cigarettes/day (current smokers), ex-smoker status, maximum no. of cigarettes/day and yr smoking maximum amount (ex-smokers) | (oz/mo based on 24-h recall) | |
| 22-yr follow-up (Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Hawaii) | 0 | 1.0 | ||
| <5 | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | |||
| 5–14 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | |||
| 15–39 | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| >39 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | |||
| P for trend 0.09 | ||||
| Bandera et al., 1997 (28) | 395/27,544 M | Cigarettes/day and yr smoking | Highest vs. lowest tertile of consumption | |
| 130/20,456 F | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) M | |||
| 8 yr | P for trend: 0.001 | |||
| (New York State Cohort Study, U.S.) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) F | |||
| P for trend: 0.8 | ||||
| (Squamous cell carcinoma cases) | ||||
| 1.5 (0.97–2.3) | ||||
| Cohort studies (cont’d) | ||||
| Prescott et al., 1999 (32) | 480/15,107 M | Six categories of present smoking and eight categories of duration of smoking (Best fit based on likelihood ratio test) | No. of drinks/wk: | (M) |
| 194/13,053 F | <1 | 1.0 | ||
| (Copenhagen City Heart Study, the Centre of Preventive Medicine, and the Copenhagen Male Study, Denmark) | 1–6 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | ||
| 7–13 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | |||
| 14–20 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |||
| 21–41 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |||
| >41 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | |||
| P for trend: 0.002 | ||||
| (No relationship for F) | ||||
| Woodson et al., 1999 (33) | 1059/27,111 M smokers | Cigarettes smoked per day and total yr smoked | Nondrinker vs. drinker | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
| 7.7 yr (ATBC Study, Finland) | Highest quartile of drinking vs. lowest quartile of g/day) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | ||
| (Adenocarcinoma) | ||||
| 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | ||||
| Breslow et al., 2000 (34) | 158/20,004 M and F 8.5 yr (U.S.) | Packs/day and duration of smoking as continuous variables | Highest quartile of alcohol intake compared with lowest | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
| (Nonsmokers) | ||||
| 2.3 (1.1–4.6) |