Selected baseline characteristics of study participants by serum 25(OH)D tertiles (the cutoff points are 34.0 and 51.0 nmol/L in men and 30.0 and 46.0 nmol/L in women)
| . | Serum 25(OH)D . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | First tertile . | Second tertile . | Third tertile . | |||
| Men (range of vitamin D in nmol/L) | 5.0-34.0 | 35.0-51.0 | 52.0-180.0 | |||
| Sample size | 1,094 | 1,069 | 1,044 | |||
| Serum 25(OH)D level (nmol/L) | 25.5 ± 6.1 | 42.3 ± 4.8 | 68.7 ± 15.5 | |||
| Season | ||||||
| Summer (Jun-Sep) | 7.2 (44) | 21.6 (132) | 71.2 (434) | |||
| Non-Summer (Oct-May) | 40.4 (1,050) | 36.1 (937) | 23.5 (610) | |||
| Age (y) | 51.6 ± 14.5 | 48.8 ± 13.1 | 48.5 ± 12.5 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Low | 37.8 (815) | 31.5 (679) | 30.8 (664) | |||
| High | 26.5 (275) | 37.2 (386) | 36.4 (378) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 42.2 (154) | 29.6 (108) | 28.2 (103) | |||
| Married* | 32.2 (837) | 34.1 (886) | 33.7 (887) | |||
| Widowed | 48.6 (52) | 26.2 (28) | 25.2 (27) | |||
| Divorced | 38.0 (49) | 34.9 (45) | 27.1 (35) | |||
| Smoking† | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | 30.9 (574) | 34.2 (635) | 34.9 (649) | |||
| Smokers with low cotinine | 33.5 (119) | 34.7 (123) | 31.8 (113) | |||
| Smokers with average cotinine | 39.7 (178) | 30.4 (136) | 29.9 (134) | |||
| Smokers with high cotinine | 40.9 (221) | 32.0 (173) | 27.0 (146) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <23.0 | 41.1 (285) | 31.0 (215) | 28.0 (194) | |||
| 23.0-29.9 | 31.3 (670) | 34.1 (731) | 34.6 (740) | |||
| ≥30.0 | 37.3 (138) | 33.2 (123) | 29.5 (109) | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/wk ethanol) | ||||||
| 0 | 46.4 (400) | 27.1 (234) | 26.5 (229) | |||
| 1-14.9 | 32.6 (165) | 37.4 (189) | 30.0 (152) | |||
| ≥15 | 28.7 (525) | 35.2 (645) | 36.1 (662) | |||
| Women (range of vitamin D in nmol/L) | 4.0-30.0 | 31.0-46.0 | 47.0-151.0 | |||
| Sample size | 1,226 | 1,283 | 1,221 | |||
| Serum 25(OH)D level (nmol/L) | 22.7 ± 5.3 | 38.1 ± 4.6 | 62.5 ± 14.6 | |||
| Season | ||||||
| Summer (Jun-Sep) | 8.9 (61) | 26.1 (179) | 65.1 (446) | |||
| Non-Summer (Oct-May) | 38.3 (1,165) | 36.3 (1,104) | 25.5 (775) | |||
| Age (y) | 55.6 ± 15.2 | 51.5 ± 14.1 | 49.0 ± 13.0 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Low | 36.9 (931) | 34.0 (856) | 29.1 (733) | |||
| High | 24.5 (294) | 35.1 (422) | 40.4 (485) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 37.8 (141) | 30.8 (115) | 31.4 (117) | |||
| Married* | 28.4 (698) | 35.2 (866) | 36.5 (897) | |||
| Widowed | 46.4 (310) | 32.2 (215) | 21.4 (143) | |||
| Divorced | 34.1 (77) | 37.6 (85) | 28.3 (64) | |||
| Smoking† | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | 33.8 (1,024) | 33.7 (1,021) | 32.4 (982) | |||
| Smokers with low cotinine | 27.6 (90) | 35.9 (117) | 36.5 (119) | |||
| Smokers with average cotinine | 28.0 (65) | 40.1 (93) | 31.9 (74) | |||
| Smokers with high cotinine | 32.6 (46) | 34.8 (49) | 32.6 (46) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <23.0 | 31.4 (334) | 30.9 (329) | 37.7 (401) | |||
| 23.0-29.9 | 31.3 (621) | 36.0 (714) | 32.7 (648) | |||
| ≥30.0 | 39.1 (264) | 35.5 (240) | 25.4 (172) | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/wk ethanol) | ||||||
| 0 | 39.9 (900) | 25.3 (205) | 17.8 (118) | |||
| 1-14.9 | 34.6 (780) | 34.6 (280) | 33.6 (223) | |||
| ≥15 | 25.5 (574) | 40.1 (325) | 48.6 (322) | |||
| . | Serum 25(OH)D . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | First tertile . | Second tertile . | Third tertile . | |||
| Men (range of vitamin D in nmol/L) | 5.0-34.0 | 35.0-51.0 | 52.0-180.0 | |||
| Sample size | 1,094 | 1,069 | 1,044 | |||
| Serum 25(OH)D level (nmol/L) | 25.5 ± 6.1 | 42.3 ± 4.8 | 68.7 ± 15.5 | |||
| Season | ||||||
| Summer (Jun-Sep) | 7.2 (44) | 21.6 (132) | 71.2 (434) | |||
| Non-Summer (Oct-May) | 40.4 (1,050) | 36.1 (937) | 23.5 (610) | |||
| Age (y) | 51.6 ± 14.5 | 48.8 ± 13.1 | 48.5 ± 12.5 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Low | 37.8 (815) | 31.5 (679) | 30.8 (664) | |||
| High | 26.5 (275) | 37.2 (386) | 36.4 (378) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 42.2 (154) | 29.6 (108) | 28.2 (103) | |||
| Married* | 32.2 (837) | 34.1 (886) | 33.7 (887) | |||
| Widowed | 48.6 (52) | 26.2 (28) | 25.2 (27) | |||
| Divorced | 38.0 (49) | 34.9 (45) | 27.1 (35) | |||
| Smoking† | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | 30.9 (574) | 34.2 (635) | 34.9 (649) | |||
| Smokers with low cotinine | 33.5 (119) | 34.7 (123) | 31.8 (113) | |||
| Smokers with average cotinine | 39.7 (178) | 30.4 (136) | 29.9 (134) | |||
| Smokers with high cotinine | 40.9 (221) | 32.0 (173) | 27.0 (146) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <23.0 | 41.1 (285) | 31.0 (215) | 28.0 (194) | |||
| 23.0-29.9 | 31.3 (670) | 34.1 (731) | 34.6 (740) | |||
| ≥30.0 | 37.3 (138) | 33.2 (123) | 29.5 (109) | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/wk ethanol) | ||||||
| 0 | 46.4 (400) | 27.1 (234) | 26.5 (229) | |||
| 1-14.9 | 32.6 (165) | 37.4 (189) | 30.0 (152) | |||
| ≥15 | 28.7 (525) | 35.2 (645) | 36.1 (662) | |||
| Women (range of vitamin D in nmol/L) | 4.0-30.0 | 31.0-46.0 | 47.0-151.0 | |||
| Sample size | 1,226 | 1,283 | 1,221 | |||
| Serum 25(OH)D level (nmol/L) | 22.7 ± 5.3 | 38.1 ± 4.6 | 62.5 ± 14.6 | |||
| Season | ||||||
| Summer (Jun-Sep) | 8.9 (61) | 26.1 (179) | 65.1 (446) | |||
| Non-Summer (Oct-May) | 38.3 (1,165) | 36.3 (1,104) | 25.5 (775) | |||
| Age (y) | 55.6 ± 15.2 | 51.5 ± 14.1 | 49.0 ± 13.0 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Low | 36.9 (931) | 34.0 (856) | 29.1 (733) | |||
| High | 24.5 (294) | 35.1 (422) | 40.4 (485) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 37.8 (141) | 30.8 (115) | 31.4 (117) | |||
| Married* | 28.4 (698) | 35.2 (866) | 36.5 (897) | |||
| Widowed | 46.4 (310) | 32.2 (215) | 21.4 (143) | |||
| Divorced | 34.1 (77) | 37.6 (85) | 28.3 (64) | |||
| Smoking† | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | 33.8 (1,024) | 33.7 (1,021) | 32.4 (982) | |||
| Smokers with low cotinine | 27.6 (90) | 35.9 (117) | 36.5 (119) | |||
| Smokers with average cotinine | 28.0 (65) | 40.1 (93) | 31.9 (74) | |||
| Smokers with high cotinine | 32.6 (46) | 34.8 (49) | 32.6 (46) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <23.0 | 31.4 (334) | 30.9 (329) | 37.7 (401) | |||
| 23.0-29.9 | 31.3 (621) | 36.0 (714) | 32.7 (648) | |||
| ≥30.0 | 39.1 (264) | 35.5 (240) | 25.4 (172) | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/wk ethanol) | ||||||
| 0 | 39.9 (900) | 25.3 (205) | 17.8 (118) | |||
| 1-14.9 | 34.6 (780) | 34.6 (280) | 33.6 (223) | |||
| ≥15 | 25.5 (574) | 40.1 (325) | 48.6 (322) | |||