List of studies used in the review and meta-analysis and their selected characteristics
| Author, year published . | Country . | Age at entry; sex . | Years of follow-up; % completed follow-up . | Start of follow-up . | No. of cases; No. in cohort . | Dietary assessment;a Quantilesb . | Adjustments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bjelke et al., 1980 (29) | Norway | 45–74; M | 5; not stated | 1968 | 41;c 12,166 | 50-item FFQ; Q3 | Age |
| Gaard et al., 1996 (21) | Norway | 20–54; M & F | Mean 11.4; 83 | 1977 | 143;c 55,535 | 80-item FFQ;d Q4 | Age; attained age |
| Giovannucci et al., 1994 (22) | USA | 40–75; M | 6; 95 | 1986 | 205;c 47,949 | 131-item FFQ;d Q5 | Age; energy intake |
| Goldbohm et al., 1994 (23) | Netherlands | 55–69; M & F | 3.3; 95 | 1986 | 293;c 3,123 | 150-item FFQ;d Q4 & Q5 | Age; total calories |
| Hirayama et al., 1990 (28) | Japan | >40; M & F | 17; 80 | 1965 | 725; 265,113 | 9-item FFQ (7 food groups & 2 beverages); Q4 | Age |
| Hsing et al., 1998 (27) | USA | ≥35; M | 20; 77 | 1966 | 145; 13,606 | 35-item FFQ; Q5 | Total calories; age; smoking; alcohol |
| Kato et al., 1997 (20) | USA | 34–65; F | Mean 7.1; (97 in New York State recruits) | 1985–1991 | 100;c 14,727 | 70-item FFQ; Q4 | Total calories; age; place of enrollment; education |
| Knekt et al., 1999 (17) | Finland | 15–99; M & F | 24; not stated | 1967 | 73;c 9,990 | 1 year dietary history interview; Q4 | Age; sex; municipality; smoking; energy intake |
| Phillips et al., 1985 (26) | USA | >30; M & F | 21; not stated | 1960 | 172; 25,439 | 21-item FFQ; Q3 | Age; sex |
| Sellers et al., 1998 (18) | USA | 55–69; F | 9; 76 | 1986 | 241;c 26,937 | 127-item FFQ;d Q3 | Age; energy intake |
| Singh et al., 1998 (19) | USA | 25–104; M & F | 6; 97 | 1977 | 179;c 32,051 | 55-item FFQ;d Q3 | Age; body mass index; sex; smoking; physical activity; family history; alcohol; aspirin use |
| Thun et al., 1992 (24)e | USA | 30–110; M & F | 6; 98 | 1982 | 1,150; 5,746 | 42-item FFQ (32 food items & 10 beverages); Q5 | None |
| Willett et al., 1990 (25) | USA | 34–59; F | 6; 96 | 1980 | 150;c 88,751 | 61-item FFQ;d Q5 | Age; energy intake |
| Author, year published . | Country . | Age at entry; sex . | Years of follow-up; % completed follow-up . | Start of follow-up . | No. of cases; No. in cohort . | Dietary assessment;a Quantilesb . | Adjustments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bjelke et al., 1980 (29) | Norway | 45–74; M | 5; not stated | 1968 | 41;c 12,166 | 50-item FFQ; Q3 | Age |
| Gaard et al., 1996 (21) | Norway | 20–54; M & F | Mean 11.4; 83 | 1977 | 143;c 55,535 | 80-item FFQ;d Q4 | Age; attained age |
| Giovannucci et al., 1994 (22) | USA | 40–75; M | 6; 95 | 1986 | 205;c 47,949 | 131-item FFQ;d Q5 | Age; energy intake |
| Goldbohm et al., 1994 (23) | Netherlands | 55–69; M & F | 3.3; 95 | 1986 | 293;c 3,123 | 150-item FFQ;d Q4 & Q5 | Age; total calories |
| Hirayama et al., 1990 (28) | Japan | >40; M & F | 17; 80 | 1965 | 725; 265,113 | 9-item FFQ (7 food groups & 2 beverages); Q4 | Age |
| Hsing et al., 1998 (27) | USA | ≥35; M | 20; 77 | 1966 | 145; 13,606 | 35-item FFQ; Q5 | Total calories; age; smoking; alcohol |
| Kato et al., 1997 (20) | USA | 34–65; F | Mean 7.1; (97 in New York State recruits) | 1985–1991 | 100;c 14,727 | 70-item FFQ; Q4 | Total calories; age; place of enrollment; education |
| Knekt et al., 1999 (17) | Finland | 15–99; M & F | 24; not stated | 1967 | 73;c 9,990 | 1 year dietary history interview; Q4 | Age; sex; municipality; smoking; energy intake |
| Phillips et al., 1985 (26) | USA | >30; M & F | 21; not stated | 1960 | 172; 25,439 | 21-item FFQ; Q3 | Age; sex |
| Sellers et al., 1998 (18) | USA | 55–69; F | 9; 76 | 1986 | 241;c 26,937 | 127-item FFQ;d Q3 | Age; energy intake |
| Singh et al., 1998 (19) | USA | 25–104; M & F | 6; 97 | 1977 | 179;c 32,051 | 55-item FFQ;d Q3 | Age; body mass index; sex; smoking; physical activity; family history; alcohol; aspirin use |
| Thun et al., 1992 (24)e | USA | 30–110; M & F | 6; 98 | 1982 | 1,150; 5,746 | 42-item FFQ (32 food items & 10 beverages); Q5 | None |
| Willett et al., 1990 (25) | USA | 34–59; F | 6; 96 | 1980 | 150;c 88,751 | 61-item FFQ;d Q5 | Age; energy intake |