RRs and 95% CIs for colorectal cancer mortality associated with daily use of vitamin C or vitamin E supplements at cohort enrollmenta: CPS-II, 1982–1996
| . | Men and women combined . | Men only . | Women only . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C use | |||
| Nonuser | |||
| RR | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Deaths/participants | 3,914/615,867 | 2,200/293,821 | 1,714/322,046 |
| <10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.99 | 1.15 | 0.84 |
| 95% CI | 0.85–1.15 | 0.94–1.40 | 0.67–1.05 |
| Deaths/participants | 252/48,139 | 146/19,346 | 106/28,793 |
| ≥10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.89 | 0.75 | 1.05 |
| 95% CI | 0.73–1.09 | 0.57–1.00 | 0.80–1.38 |
| Deaths/participants | 169/30,495 | 80/13,251 | 89/17,244 |
| Vitamin E use | |||
| Nonuser | |||
| RR | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Deaths/participants | 4,035/642,761 | 2,272/306,374 | 1,763/336,387 |
| <10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.92 |
| 95% CI | 0.73–1.03 | 0.64–1.04 | 0.72–1.17 |
| Deaths/participants | 193/39,757 | 99/14,719 | 94/25,038 |
| ≥10 yrs | |||
| RR | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.05 |
| 95% CI | 0.85–1.38 | 0.82–1.57 | 0.73–1.49 |
| Deaths/participants | 108/16,350 | 59/7,555 | 49/8,795 |
| . | Men and women combined . | Men only . | Women only . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C use | |||
| Nonuser | |||
| RR | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Deaths/participants | 3,914/615,867 | 2,200/293,821 | 1,714/322,046 |
| <10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.99 | 1.15 | 0.84 |
| 95% CI | 0.85–1.15 | 0.94–1.40 | 0.67–1.05 |
| Deaths/participants | 252/48,139 | 146/19,346 | 106/28,793 |
| ≥10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.89 | 0.75 | 1.05 |
| 95% CI | 0.73–1.09 | 0.57–1.00 | 0.80–1.38 |
| Deaths/participants | 169/30,495 | 80/13,251 | 89/17,244 |
| Vitamin E use | |||
| Nonuser | |||
| RR | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Deaths/participants | 4,035/642,761 | 2,272/306,374 | 1,763/336,387 |
| <10 yrs | |||
| RR | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.92 |
| 95% CI | 0.73–1.03 | 0.64–1.04 | 0.72–1.17 |
| Deaths/participants | 193/39,757 | 99/14,719 | 94/25,038 |
| ≥10 yrs | |||
| RR | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.05 |
| 95% CI | 0.85–1.38 | 0.82–1.57 | 0.73–1.49 |
| Deaths/participants | 108/16,350 | 59/7,555 | 49/8,795 |
Adjusted for age, sex (for combined sex results), education, BMI, vegetable consumption,consumption of high-fiber grain foods, vitamin supplement use (vitamins A, C, or E and multivitamin supplements), and use of aspirin and estrogen replacement therapy.