Colorectal cancer mortality risk factors by use of vitamin C and vitamin E supplements at cohort enrollmenta: CPS-II, 1982–1996
| . | Women . | . | . | Men . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No vitamin C or E use (n = 310,166) % . | Vitamin C daily use (n = 46,037)b % . | Vitamin E daily use (n = 33,833)c % . | No vitamin C or E use (n = 286,376) % . | Vitamin C daily use (n = 32,597)b % . | Vitamin E daily use (n = 22,274)c % . | ||||||
| Age (yrs) | ||||||||||||
| 30–39 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 1.6 | ||||||
| 40–49 | 24.3 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 19.6 | 16.2 | 13.2 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 34.4 | 38.6 | 40.6 | 38.6 | 38.8 | 38.4 | ||||||
| 60–69 | 24.2 | 26.9 | 26.8 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 35.1 | ||||||
| 70–79 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.6 | ||||||
| ≥80 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White | 93.2 | 96.6 | 96.6 | 94.5 | 97.2 | 96.9 | ||||||
| Black | 4.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 | ||||||
| Other | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 13.8 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 16.2 | 9.0 | 10.7 | ||||||
| High school graduate | 32.6 | 27.6 | 30.0 | 21.4 | 15.5 | 17.0 | ||||||
| Some college | 29.0 | 33.7 | 33.5 | 26.8 | 27.4 | 29.2 | ||||||
| College graduate | 14.8 | 17.3 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 22.4 | 20.6 | ||||||
| Graduate school | 9.9 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 25.8 | 22.5 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| <20.0 | 9.4 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | ||||||
| 20.0–<22.5 | 24.8 | 31.1 | 30.6 | 9.8 | 12.1 | 10.8 | ||||||
| 22.5–<25.0 | 25.5 | 26.1 | 26.6 | 26.0 | 31.3 | 29.7 | ||||||
| 25.0–<27.5 | 18.5 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 33.9 | 33.6 | 34.8 | ||||||
| 27.5–<30.0 | 9.2 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 16.7 | 13.3 | 14.3 | ||||||
| ≥30.0 | 12.7 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 11.2 | 7.6 | 8.6 | ||||||
| Exercise level | ||||||||||||
| None | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | ||||||
| Slight | 24.8 | 23.8 | 22.7 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 21.4 | ||||||
| Moderate | 65.6 | 67.4 | 68.5 | 62.8 | 63.5 | 63.6 | ||||||
| Heavy | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.7 | ||||||
| Unclassifiable | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Vegetable consumption (servings/day)d | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 13.6 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 14.9 | 8.2 | 8.7 | ||||||
| 1–<2 | 24.6 | 19.2 | 19.7 | 30.3 | 25.4 | 25.4 | ||||||
| 2–<3 | 30.4 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 30.7 | 32.2 | 32.2 | ||||||
| ≥3 | 31.4 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 24.1 | 34.1 | 33.6 | ||||||
| High-fiber grain foodse (servings/week) | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 44.1 | 28.6 | 29.7 | 43.1 | 28.2 | 28.6 | ||||||
| 1–<3 | 15.2 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 16.8 | 15.0 | 14.9 | ||||||
| 3–<6 | 18.3 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 18.0 | 19.8 | 19.8 | ||||||
| ≥6 | 22.3 | 37.9 | 36.7 | 22.1 | 36.9 | 36.7 | ||||||
| Multivitamin use | ||||||||||||
| None | 83.6 | 39.3 | 40.8 | 87.7 | 43.2 | 43.4 | ||||||
| Less than daily | ||||||||||||
| <10 yrs | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | ||||||
| ≥10 yrs | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | ||||||
| Daily | ||||||||||||
| <10 yrs | 7.7 | 28.5 | 29.2 | 5.3 | 26.3 | 27.2 | ||||||
| ≥10 yrs | 6.1 | 29.8 | 28.0 | 4.9 | 27.9 | 27.4 | ||||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 53.5 | 51.1 | 51.7 | 44.5 | 50.2 | 49.2 | ||||||
| Current | 20.9 | 18.7 | 18.0 | 22.0 | 16.5 | 16.3 | ||||||
| Former | 19.6 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 29.5 | 30.9 | 31.9 | ||||||
| Unclassifiable | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | ||||||
| Aspirin use (times/month) | ||||||||||||
| None | 40.1 | 35.4 | 36.4 | 45.0 | 38.3 | 40.2 | ||||||
| Occasional | 36.6 | 35.8 | 35.6 | 32.0 | 31.1 | 29.9 | ||||||
| 1–9 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 14.5 | 15.0 | 13.8 | ||||||
| ≥10 | 8.8 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 16.1 | ||||||
| Estrogen replacement therapy | ||||||||||||
| Never | 70.0 | 59.1 | 58.0 | |||||||||
| Current use | ||||||||||||
| <5 yrs | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| ≥5 yrs | 5.0 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |||||||||
| Former use | ||||||||||||
| <5 yrs | 9.5 | 11.8 | 11.8 | |||||||||
| ≥5 yrs | 5.3 | 8.2 | 8.5 | |||||||||
| Ever use unspecified | 7.6 | 9.0 | 9.5 | |||||||||
| . | Women . | . | . | Men . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | No vitamin C or E use (n = 310,166) % . | Vitamin C daily use (n = 46,037)b % . | Vitamin E daily use (n = 33,833)c % . | No vitamin C or E use (n = 286,376) % . | Vitamin C daily use (n = 32,597)b % . | Vitamin E daily use (n = 22,274)c % . | ||||||
| Age (yrs) | ||||||||||||
| 30–39 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 1.6 | ||||||
| 40–49 | 24.3 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 19.6 | 16.2 | 13.2 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 34.4 | 38.6 | 40.6 | 38.6 | 38.8 | 38.4 | ||||||
| 60–69 | 24.2 | 26.9 | 26.8 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 35.1 | ||||||
| 70–79 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.6 | ||||||
| ≥80 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White | 93.2 | 96.6 | 96.6 | 94.5 | 97.2 | 96.9 | ||||||
| Black | 4.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 | ||||||
| Other | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 13.8 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 16.2 | 9.0 | 10.7 | ||||||
| High school graduate | 32.6 | 27.6 | 30.0 | 21.4 | 15.5 | 17.0 | ||||||
| Some college | 29.0 | 33.7 | 33.5 | 26.8 | 27.4 | 29.2 | ||||||
| College graduate | 14.8 | 17.3 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 22.4 | 20.6 | ||||||
| Graduate school | 9.9 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 25.8 | 22.5 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| <20.0 | 9.4 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | ||||||
| 20.0–<22.5 | 24.8 | 31.1 | 30.6 | 9.8 | 12.1 | 10.8 | ||||||
| 22.5–<25.0 | 25.5 | 26.1 | 26.6 | 26.0 | 31.3 | 29.7 | ||||||
| 25.0–<27.5 | 18.5 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 33.9 | 33.6 | 34.8 | ||||||
| 27.5–<30.0 | 9.2 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 16.7 | 13.3 | 14.3 | ||||||
| ≥30.0 | 12.7 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 11.2 | 7.6 | 8.6 | ||||||
| Exercise level | ||||||||||||
| None | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | ||||||
| Slight | 24.8 | 23.8 | 22.7 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 21.4 | ||||||
| Moderate | 65.6 | 67.4 | 68.5 | 62.8 | 63.5 | 63.6 | ||||||
| Heavy | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.7 | ||||||
| Unclassifiable | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Vegetable consumption (servings/day)d | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 13.6 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 14.9 | 8.2 | 8.7 | ||||||
| 1–<2 | 24.6 | 19.2 | 19.7 | 30.3 | 25.4 | 25.4 | ||||||
| 2–<3 | 30.4 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 30.7 | 32.2 | 32.2 | ||||||
| ≥3 | 31.4 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 24.1 | 34.1 | 33.6 | ||||||
| High-fiber grain foodse (servings/week) | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 44.1 | 28.6 | 29.7 | 43.1 | 28.2 | 28.6 | ||||||
| 1–<3 | 15.2 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 16.8 | 15.0 | 14.9 | ||||||
| 3–<6 | 18.3 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 18.0 | 19.8 | 19.8 | ||||||
| ≥6 | 22.3 | 37.9 | 36.7 | 22.1 | 36.9 | 36.7 | ||||||
| Multivitamin use | ||||||||||||
| None | 83.6 | 39.3 | 40.8 | 87.7 | 43.2 | 43.4 | ||||||
| Less than daily | ||||||||||||
| <10 yrs | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | ||||||
| ≥10 yrs | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | ||||||
| Daily | ||||||||||||
| <10 yrs | 7.7 | 28.5 | 29.2 | 5.3 | 26.3 | 27.2 | ||||||
| ≥10 yrs | 6.1 | 29.8 | 28.0 | 4.9 | 27.9 | 27.4 | ||||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 53.5 | 51.1 | 51.7 | 44.5 | 50.2 | 49.2 | ||||||
| Current | 20.9 | 18.7 | 18.0 | 22.0 | 16.5 | 16.3 | ||||||
| Former | 19.6 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 29.5 | 30.9 | 31.9 | ||||||
| Unclassifiable | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | ||||||
| Aspirin use (times/month) | ||||||||||||
| None | 40.1 | 35.4 | 36.4 | 45.0 | 38.3 | 40.2 | ||||||
| Occasional | 36.6 | 35.8 | 35.6 | 32.0 | 31.1 | 29.9 | ||||||
| 1–9 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 14.5 | 15.0 | 13.8 | ||||||
| ≥10 | 8.8 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 16.1 | ||||||
| Estrogen replacement therapy | ||||||||||||
| Never | 70.0 | 59.1 | 58.0 | |||||||||
| Current use | ||||||||||||
| <5 yrs | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| ≥5 yrs | 5.0 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |||||||||
| Former use | ||||||||||||
| <5 yrs | 9.5 | 11.8 | 11.8 | |||||||||
| ≥5 yrs | 5.3 | 8.2 | 8.5 | |||||||||
| Ever use unspecified | 7.6 | 9.0 | 9.5 | |||||||||
Percentages adjusted to the age distribution of the entire study population.
Includes users of vitamin E or other vitamin supplements.
Includes users of vitamin C or other vitamin supplements.
Based on consumption of seven food items (carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, squash/corn, green leafy vegetables, raw vegetables, and cabbage/broccoli/Brussels sprouts).
Based on consumption of three food items (bran/corn muffins, brown rice/whole wheat/barley, and oatmeal/shredded wheat/bran cereals).