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Table 2.

Baseline risk factors for acquisition of cervical HPV infection

Subjects* n (=972)High-risk HPV
Low-risk HPV†
Any HPV
Events‡ n (=284)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)PtrendEvents‡ n (=286)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)PtrendEvents‡ n (=570)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)Ptrend
Age (y)           
    <25 267 123   114   237   
    25–34 250 66 0.48 (0.36–0.65)  71 0.56 (0.42–0.76)  137 0.52 (0.42–0.64)  
    35–44 198 35 0.30 (0.20–0.44)  29 0.27 (0.18–0.41)  64 0.29 (0.22–0.38)  
    45–54 180 14 0.15 (0.09–0.26)  12 0.14 (0.08–0.26)  26 0.15 (0.10–0.22)  
    ≥55 77 5 0.12 (0.05–0.30) <.0001 7 0.19 (0.09–0.40) <.0001 12 0.15 (0.09–0.27) <.0001 
Ethnicity           
    Japanese 112 22   20   42   
    Caucasian 383 93 1.01 (0.64–1.60)  88 1.07 (0.66–1.75)  181 1.04 (0.74–1.45)  
    Hawaiian 130 22 0.74 (0.41–1.33)  24 0.91 (0.50–1.65)  46 0.82 (0.54–1.24)  
    Filipino 55 9 0.55 (0.25–1.19)  12 0.82 (0.40–1.71)  21 0.68 (0.40–1.15)  
    Other 292 97 1.05 (0.66–1.66)  89 1.10 (0.67–1.80)  186 1.07 (0.77–1.50)  
Income           
    <7,500 223 102   72   174   
    7,500–19,999 222 49 0.62 (0.44–0.87)  48 0.86 (0.60–1.24)  97 0.72 (0.56–0.92)  
    20,000–49,999 246 45 0.56 (0.39–0.80)  61 1.12 (0.78–1.61)  106 0.78 (0.61–1.01)  
    ≥50,000 248 32 0.48 (0.32–0.71) <.0001 35 0.77 (0.51–1.17) 0.51 67 0.60 (0.45–0.80) 0.001 
Age at menarche           
    <12 212 52   67   119   
    12 258 59 0.94 (0.65–1.37)  57 0.70 (0.50–1.00)  116 0.81 (0.63–1.04)  
    13 251 58 0.88 (0.61–1.28)  52 0.61 (0.43–0.88)  110 0.73 (0.56–0.95)  
    ≥14 249 72 1.30 (0.91–1.85) 0.20 57 0.79 (0.55–1.12) 0.15 129 1.01 (0.79–1.29) 0.91 
No. pregnancies           
    None 403 117   133   250   
    1 186 64 1.38 (1.02–1.86)  41 0.75 (0.53–1.06)  105 1.04 (0.83–1.31)  
    2 123 24 1.20 (0.75–1.90)  21 0.84 (0.52–1.36)  45 1.01 (0.72–1.40)  
    ≥3 259 38 1.13 (0.78–1.64) 0.34 38 0.88 (0.61–1.28) 0.37 76 1.00 (0.77–1.30) 0.99 
Age at first sexual intercourse           
    <16 219 59   41   100   
    16–17 287 83 1.18 (0.85–1.65)  73 1.49 (1.02–2.19)  156 1.31 (1.02–1.68)  
    18–19 246 60 1.25 (0.87–1.79)  72 2.16 (1.47–3.18)  132 1.62 (1.25–2.10)  
    ≥20 204 38 1.06 (0.71–1.61) 0.57 46 1.83 (1.19–2.82) 0.0003 84 1.38 (1.03–1.85) 0.003 
No. lifetime sexual partners           
    <2 111 7   15   22   
    2–5 314 94 3.62 (1.68–7.80)  82 1.45 (0.83–2.51)  176 2.14 (1.37–3.33)  
    ≥6 520 138 3.33 (1.56–7.11) 0.03 132 1.46 (0.86–2.49) 0.28 270 2.05 (1.33–3.17) 0.02 
Oral contraceptive use at baseline           
    Never 175 51   44   95   
    Ever 797 192 0.75 (0.55–1.03)  189 0.87 (0.63–1.21)  381 0.81 (0.65–1.01)  
    Past user 465 76 0.69 (0.48–0.99)  77 0.81 (0.56–1.18)  153 0.74 (0.57–0.97)  
    Current user∥ 332 116 0.80 (0.58–1.11)  112 0.92 (0.65–1.30)  228 0.86 (0.68–1.09)  
Years of oral contraceptive pill use           
    Never used 312 91   98   189   
    <2 y 91 26 0.85 (0.55–1.31)  23 0.71 (0.45–1.12)  49 0.78 (0.57–1.06)  
    2–4 y 214 54 0.73 (0.53–1.02)  52 0.67 (0.48–0.94)  106 0.70 (0.55–0.89)  
    5–9 y 191 45 0.70 (0.49–0.99)  37 0.53 (0.37–0.78)  82 0.61 (0.47–0.79)  
    ≥10 y 163 27 0.74 (0.47–1.18) 0.04 23 0.56 (0.35–0.90) 0.0003 50 0.65 (0.46–0.90) <.0001 
Hormonal cream use at baseline           
    Never 880 228   217   445   
    Past user 63 8 0.56 (0.28–1.15)  8 0.60 (0.29–1.22)  16 0.58 (0.35–0.96)  
    Current user∥ 29 7 1.83 (0.86–3.89)  8 2.14 (1.07–4.31)  15 1.98 (1.19–3.31)  
Tobacco smoking history           
    Never 611 160   162   322   
    Ever 361 83 0.96 (0.74–1.26)  71 0.80 (0.61–1.06)  154 0.88 (0.73–1.07)  
    Past 216 42 0.88 (0.63–1.24)  33 0.67 (0.46–0.98)  75 0.78 (0.60–1.00)  
    Current∥ 145 41 1.07 (0.76–1.50)  38 0.97 (0.68–1.38)  79 1.02 (0.80–1.30)  
Alcohol history           
    Never 529 138   122   260   
    Ever 443 105 1.02 (0.79–1.32)  111 1.22 (0.94–1.58)  216 1.12 (0.93–1.34)  
    Past 205 30 0.65 (0.44–0.96)  41 1.00 (0.70–1.42)  71 0.81 (0.62–1.06)  
    Current∥ 238 75 1.33 (1.00–1.76)  70 1.40 (1.04–1.87)  145 1.36 (1.11–1.67)  
History of tubal ligation           
    No 841 223   218   441   
    Yes 131 20 1.66 (0.96–2.86)  15 1.07 (0.60–1.91)  35 1.34 (0.90–2.00)  
Condom use by a sexual partner at baseline           
    No 698 135   133   268   
    Yes∥ 274 108 1.37 (1.05–1.80)  100 1.33 (1.02–1.75)  208 1.35 (1.12–1.64)  
Spermicide use at baseline           
    No 840 201   192   393   
    Yes∥ 132 42 1.05 (0.75–1.47)  41 1.12 (0.79–1.58)  83 1.08 (0.85–1.38)  
History of anal sex           
    Never 794 185   182   367   
    Ever 178 58 1.14 (0.85–1.53)  51 1.03 (0.75–1.41)  109 1.08 (0.87–1.34)  
    Past 113 33 1.10 (0.76–1.59)  31 1.06 (0.73–1.55)  64 1.08 (0.83–1.41)  
    Current∥ 63 25 1.22 (0.81–1.86)  19 0.96 (0.59–1.54)  44 1.09 (0.80–1.49)  
Subjects* n (=972)High-risk HPV
Low-risk HPV†
Any HPV
Events‡ n (=284)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)PtrendEvents‡ n (=286)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)PtrendEvents‡ n (=570)Hazard ratio§ (95% CI)Ptrend
Age (y)           
    <25 267 123   114   237   
    25–34 250 66 0.48 (0.36–0.65)  71 0.56 (0.42–0.76)  137 0.52 (0.42–0.64)  
    35–44 198 35 0.30 (0.20–0.44)  29 0.27 (0.18–0.41)  64 0.29 (0.22–0.38)  
    45–54 180 14 0.15 (0.09–0.26)  12 0.14 (0.08–0.26)  26 0.15 (0.10–0.22)  
    ≥55 77 5 0.12 (0.05–0.30) <.0001 7 0.19 (0.09–0.40) <.0001 12 0.15 (0.09–0.27) <.0001 
Ethnicity           
    Japanese 112 22   20   42   
    Caucasian 383 93 1.01 (0.64–1.60)  88 1.07 (0.66–1.75)  181 1.04 (0.74–1.45)  
    Hawaiian 130 22 0.74 (0.41–1.33)  24 0.91 (0.50–1.65)  46 0.82 (0.54–1.24)  
    Filipino 55 9 0.55 (0.25–1.19)  12 0.82 (0.40–1.71)  21 0.68 (0.40–1.15)  
    Other 292 97 1.05 (0.66–1.66)  89 1.10 (0.67–1.80)  186 1.07 (0.77–1.50)  
Income           
    <7,500 223 102   72   174   
    7,500–19,999 222 49 0.62 (0.44–0.87)  48 0.86 (0.60–1.24)  97 0.72 (0.56–0.92)  
    20,000–49,999 246 45 0.56 (0.39–0.80)  61 1.12 (0.78–1.61)  106 0.78 (0.61–1.01)  
    ≥50,000 248 32 0.48 (0.32–0.71) <.0001 35 0.77 (0.51–1.17) 0.51 67 0.60 (0.45–0.80) 0.001 
Age at menarche           
    <12 212 52   67   119   
    12 258 59 0.94 (0.65–1.37)  57 0.70 (0.50–1.00)  116 0.81 (0.63–1.04)  
    13 251 58 0.88 (0.61–1.28)  52 0.61 (0.43–0.88)  110 0.73 (0.56–0.95)  
    ≥14 249 72 1.30 (0.91–1.85) 0.20 57 0.79 (0.55–1.12) 0.15 129 1.01 (0.79–1.29) 0.91 
No. pregnancies           
    None 403 117   133   250   
    1 186 64 1.38 (1.02–1.86)  41 0.75 (0.53–1.06)  105 1.04 (0.83–1.31)  
    2 123 24 1.20 (0.75–1.90)  21 0.84 (0.52–1.36)  45 1.01 (0.72–1.40)  
    ≥3 259 38 1.13 (0.78–1.64) 0.34 38 0.88 (0.61–1.28) 0.37 76 1.00 (0.77–1.30) 0.99 
Age at first sexual intercourse           
    <16 219 59   41   100   
    16–17 287 83 1.18 (0.85–1.65)  73 1.49 (1.02–2.19)  156 1.31 (1.02–1.68)  
    18–19 246 60 1.25 (0.87–1.79)  72 2.16 (1.47–3.18)  132 1.62 (1.25–2.10)  
    ≥20 204 38 1.06 (0.71–1.61) 0.57 46 1.83 (1.19–2.82) 0.0003 84 1.38 (1.03–1.85) 0.003 
No. lifetime sexual partners           
    <2 111 7   15   22   
    2–5 314 94 3.62 (1.68–7.80)  82 1.45 (0.83–2.51)  176 2.14 (1.37–3.33)  
    ≥6 520 138 3.33 (1.56–7.11) 0.03 132 1.46 (0.86–2.49) 0.28 270 2.05 (1.33–3.17) 0.02 
Oral contraceptive use at baseline           
    Never 175 51   44   95   
    Ever 797 192 0.75 (0.55–1.03)  189 0.87 (0.63–1.21)  381 0.81 (0.65–1.01)  
    Past user 465 76 0.69 (0.48–0.99)  77 0.81 (0.56–1.18)  153 0.74 (0.57–0.97)  
    Current user∥ 332 116 0.80 (0.58–1.11)  112 0.92 (0.65–1.30)  228 0.86 (0.68–1.09)  
Years of oral contraceptive pill use           
    Never used 312 91   98   189   
    <2 y 91 26 0.85 (0.55–1.31)  23 0.71 (0.45–1.12)  49 0.78 (0.57–1.06)  
    2–4 y 214 54 0.73 (0.53–1.02)  52 0.67 (0.48–0.94)  106 0.70 (0.55–0.89)  
    5–9 y 191 45 0.70 (0.49–0.99)  37 0.53 (0.37–0.78)  82 0.61 (0.47–0.79)  
    ≥10 y 163 27 0.74 (0.47–1.18) 0.04 23 0.56 (0.35–0.90) 0.0003 50 0.65 (0.46–0.90) <.0001 
Hormonal cream use at baseline           
    Never 880 228   217   445   
    Past user 63 8 0.56 (0.28–1.15)  8 0.60 (0.29–1.22)  16 0.58 (0.35–0.96)  
    Current user∥ 29 7 1.83 (0.86–3.89)  8 2.14 (1.07–4.31)  15 1.98 (1.19–3.31)  
Tobacco smoking history           
    Never 611 160   162   322   
    Ever 361 83 0.96 (0.74–1.26)  71 0.80 (0.61–1.06)  154 0.88 (0.73–1.07)  
    Past 216 42 0.88 (0.63–1.24)  33 0.67 (0.46–0.98)  75 0.78 (0.60–1.00)  
    Current∥ 145 41 1.07 (0.76–1.50)  38 0.97 (0.68–1.38)  79 1.02 (0.80–1.30)  
Alcohol history           
    Never 529 138   122   260   
    Ever 443 105 1.02 (0.79–1.32)  111 1.22 (0.94–1.58)  216 1.12 (0.93–1.34)  
    Past 205 30 0.65 (0.44–0.96)  41 1.00 (0.70–1.42)  71 0.81 (0.62–1.06)  
    Current∥ 238 75 1.33 (1.00–1.76)  70 1.40 (1.04–1.87)  145 1.36 (1.11–1.67)  
History of tubal ligation           
    No 841 223   218   441   
    Yes 131 20 1.66 (0.96–2.86)  15 1.07 (0.60–1.91)  35 1.34 (0.90–2.00)  
Condom use by a sexual partner at baseline           
    No 698 135   133   268   
    Yes∥ 274 108 1.37 (1.05–1.80)  100 1.33 (1.02–1.75)  208 1.35 (1.12–1.64)  
Spermicide use at baseline           
    No 840 201   192   393   
    Yes∥ 132 42 1.05 (0.75–1.47)  41 1.12 (0.79–1.58)  83 1.08 (0.85–1.38)  
History of anal sex           
    Never 794 185   182   367   
    Ever 178 58 1.14 (0.85–1.53)  51 1.03 (0.75–1.41)  109 1.08 (0.87–1.34)  
    Past 113 33 1.10 (0.76–1.59)  31 1.06 (0.73–1.55)  64 1.08 (0.83–1.41)  
    Current∥ 63 25 1.22 (0.81–1.86)  19 0.96 (0.59–1.54)  44 1.09 (0.80–1.49)  
*

The number of subjects who completed the questionnaire and at least two clinical visits.

†

Includes undetermined-risk HPV types.

‡

The number of incident HPV infections during the study period.

§

Adjusted for age of participants at study entry.

∥

Use within the last 4 mo before the first clinical visit.

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