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Table 2.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for clearance of incident high-risk HPV infection by levels of circulating plasma micronutrients

Micronutrient/quartileQuartile range (ng/mL)No. cleared/infections (mo)*Hazard ratio† (95% confidence limits)Ptrend‡
Trans-lutein     
    Low 41.87-106.63 33/345 1.00  
    2 106.64-156.70 35/362 1.23 (0.82–1.85)  
    3 156.71-225.21 31/326 1.26 (0.79–2.01)  
    High 225.22-624.18 35/342 1.49 (0.91–2.43) 0.16 
Trans-zeaxanthin     
    Low 20.28-46.40 36/356 1.00  
    2 46.41-58.22 30/349 0.88 (0.58–1.32)  
    3 58.23-82.69 29/332 0.94 (0.57–1.53)  
    High 82.70-281.10 39/338 1.50 (0.94–2.39) 0.04 
Total trans-lutein/zeaxanthin     
    Low 73.53-158.68 35/356 1.00  
    2 158.69-212.03 30/344 1.05 (0.67–1.65)  
    3 212.04-303.92 31/339 1.14 (0.72–1.83)  
    High 303.93-905.29 38/337 1.59 (1.01–2.51) 0.04 
Total cis-lutein/zeaxanthin and trans-lutein/zeaxanthin     
    Low 112.67-259.20 37/354 1.00  
    2 259.21-332.78 26/345 0.97 (0.62–1.52)  
    3 332.79-452.23 38/341 1.50 (0.95–2.38)  
    High 452.24-1,287.6 33/335 1.42 (0.88–2.31) 0.12 
α-Cryptoxanthin     
    Low 0.33-33.52 37/348 1.00  
    2 33.53-43.53 33/355 0.84 (0.53–1.33)  
    3 43.54-54.44 29/333 1.21 (0.68–2.15)  
    High 54.45-106.45 35/339 1.12 (0.70–1.80) 0.33 
β-Cryptoxanthin     
    Low 17.54-113.85 34/353 1.00  
    2 113.86-158.65 36/362 0.99 (0.63–1.57)  
    3 158.66-242.59 29/339 1.05 (0.65–1.71)  
    High 242.60-1,114.6 35/321 1.64 (0.99–2.73) 0.04 
Total cryptoxanthin     
    Low 17.87-148.75 33/350 1.00  
    2 148.76-207.65 36/359 1.02 (0.64–1.61)  
    3 207.66-296.12 30/346 1.14 (0.70–1.84)  
    High 296.13-1,164.6 35/320 1.72 (1.02–2.88) 0.03 
Total trans-lycopene and cis-lycopene     
    Low 0.00-29.49 31/355 1.00  
    2 29.50-42.89 37/348 1.23 (0.76–1.98)  
    3 42.90-59.30 31/359 1.24 (0.78–1.95)  
    High 59.31-245.11 35/314 2.06 (1.23–3.44) 0.01 
Total lycopene     
    Low 55.96-251.67 34/334 1.00  
    2 251.68-337.62 34/334 1.04 (0.66–1.65)  
    3 337.63-449.99 36/353 0.96 (0.65–1.43)  
    High 450.00-941.04 30/355 0.71 (0.44–1.16) 0.13 
α-Carotene     
    Low 0.07-26.81 32/354 1.00  
    2 26.82-46.00 33/363 0.89 (0.56–1.40)  
    3 46.01-68.81 31/334 1.14 (0.66–1.97)  
    High 68.82-388.36 38/323 1.78 (1.03–3.06) 0.009 
Trans-β-carotene     
    Low 1.87-86.14 35/356 1.00  
    2 86.15-160.90 27/343 0.85 (0.51–1.41)  
    3 160.91-252.15 35/354 1.25 (0.80–1.96)  
    High 252.16-1,405.5 37/322 1.84 (1.13–2.99) 0.004 
Cis-β-carotene     
    Low 0.00-7.78 38/361 1.00  
    2 7.79-14.76 25/344 0.84 (0.51–1.40)  
    3 14.77-23.95 34/346 1.22 (0.76–1.96)  
    High 23.96-97.36 37/324 1.94 (1.20–3.13) 0.002 
Total β-carotene     
    Low 2.53-96.54 36/362 1.00  
    2 96.55-172.86 27/345 0.86 (0.52–1.41)  
    3 172.87-281.15 35/344 1.31 (0.84–2.06)  
    High 281.16-1,496.4 36/324 1.74 (1.07–2.85) 0.007 
Total carotene     
    Low 2.60-127.16 35/357 1.00  
    2 127.17-225.29 27/347 0.89 (0.54–1.46)  
    3 225.30-379.95 33/349 1.22 (0.77–1.94)  
    High 379.96-1,724.4 39/324 1.98 (1.21–3.23) 0.001 
Total carotenoids     
    Low 198.91-983.25 32/348 1.00  
    2 983.26-1,329.3 34/354 1.13 (0.71–1.81)  
    3 1,329.4-1,755.8 34/340 1.31 (0.84–2.04)  
    High 1,755.9-3,979.0 34/333 1.75 (1.03–2.97) 0.03 
Retinol     
    Low 0.00-569.45 35/356 1.00  
    2 569.46-719.20 32/317 1.15 (0.72–1.83)  
    3 719.21-865.26 37/353 1.02 (0.67–1.55)  
    High 865.27-1,624.2 30/350 0.77 (0.48–1.24) 0.21 
α-Tocopherol     
    Low 3,490.4-7,536.0 39/358 1.00  
    2 7,536.1-9,391.3 33/325 0.94 (0.57–1.56)  
    3 9,391.4-12,375 26/367 0.75 (0.48–1.17)  
    High 12,376-36,621 36/325 1.38 (0.80–2.38) 0.22 
β-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol     
    Low 29.80-643.85 36/352 1.00  
    2 643.86-1,073.0 33/342 0.83 (0.52–1.33)  
    3 1,073.1-1,573.6 32/341 0.74 (0.45–1.20)  
    High 1,573.7-3,564.0 33/341 0.91 (0.58–1.42) 0.66 
δ-Tocopherol     
    Low 24.28-165.59 33/339 1.00  
    2 165.60-243.57 32/348 0.88 (0.56–1.38)  
    3 243.58-417.73 36/352 0.90 (0.54–1.49)  
    High 417.74-1,090.3 33/337 0.91 (0.56–1.49) 0.85 
Total tocopherol     
    Low 4,528.2-9,336.0 37/354 1.00  
    2 9,336.1-10,885 34/334 1.03 (0.65–1.63)  
    3 10,886-13,604 26/356 0.84 (0.53–1.34)  
    High 13,605-37,092 37/332 1.47 (0.89–2.41) 0.13 
Micronutrient/quartileQuartile range (ng/mL)No. cleared/infections (mo)*Hazard ratio† (95% confidence limits)Ptrend‡
Trans-lutein     
    Low 41.87-106.63 33/345 1.00  
    2 106.64-156.70 35/362 1.23 (0.82–1.85)  
    3 156.71-225.21 31/326 1.26 (0.79–2.01)  
    High 225.22-624.18 35/342 1.49 (0.91–2.43) 0.16 
Trans-zeaxanthin     
    Low 20.28-46.40 36/356 1.00  
    2 46.41-58.22 30/349 0.88 (0.58–1.32)  
    3 58.23-82.69 29/332 0.94 (0.57–1.53)  
    High 82.70-281.10 39/338 1.50 (0.94–2.39) 0.04 
Total trans-lutein/zeaxanthin     
    Low 73.53-158.68 35/356 1.00  
    2 158.69-212.03 30/344 1.05 (0.67–1.65)  
    3 212.04-303.92 31/339 1.14 (0.72–1.83)  
    High 303.93-905.29 38/337 1.59 (1.01–2.51) 0.04 
Total cis-lutein/zeaxanthin and trans-lutein/zeaxanthin     
    Low 112.67-259.20 37/354 1.00  
    2 259.21-332.78 26/345 0.97 (0.62–1.52)  
    3 332.79-452.23 38/341 1.50 (0.95–2.38)  
    High 452.24-1,287.6 33/335 1.42 (0.88–2.31) 0.12 
α-Cryptoxanthin     
    Low 0.33-33.52 37/348 1.00  
    2 33.53-43.53 33/355 0.84 (0.53–1.33)  
    3 43.54-54.44 29/333 1.21 (0.68–2.15)  
    High 54.45-106.45 35/339 1.12 (0.70–1.80) 0.33 
β-Cryptoxanthin     
    Low 17.54-113.85 34/353 1.00  
    2 113.86-158.65 36/362 0.99 (0.63–1.57)  
    3 158.66-242.59 29/339 1.05 (0.65–1.71)  
    High 242.60-1,114.6 35/321 1.64 (0.99–2.73) 0.04 
Total cryptoxanthin     
    Low 17.87-148.75 33/350 1.00  
    2 148.76-207.65 36/359 1.02 (0.64–1.61)  
    3 207.66-296.12 30/346 1.14 (0.70–1.84)  
    High 296.13-1,164.6 35/320 1.72 (1.02–2.88) 0.03 
Total trans-lycopene and cis-lycopene     
    Low 0.00-29.49 31/355 1.00  
    2 29.50-42.89 37/348 1.23 (0.76–1.98)  
    3 42.90-59.30 31/359 1.24 (0.78–1.95)  
    High 59.31-245.11 35/314 2.06 (1.23–3.44) 0.01 
Total lycopene     
    Low 55.96-251.67 34/334 1.00  
    2 251.68-337.62 34/334 1.04 (0.66–1.65)  
    3 337.63-449.99 36/353 0.96 (0.65–1.43)  
    High 450.00-941.04 30/355 0.71 (0.44–1.16) 0.13 
α-Carotene     
    Low 0.07-26.81 32/354 1.00  
    2 26.82-46.00 33/363 0.89 (0.56–1.40)  
    3 46.01-68.81 31/334 1.14 (0.66–1.97)  
    High 68.82-388.36 38/323 1.78 (1.03–3.06) 0.009 
Trans-β-carotene     
    Low 1.87-86.14 35/356 1.00  
    2 86.15-160.90 27/343 0.85 (0.51–1.41)  
    3 160.91-252.15 35/354 1.25 (0.80–1.96)  
    High 252.16-1,405.5 37/322 1.84 (1.13–2.99) 0.004 
Cis-β-carotene     
    Low 0.00-7.78 38/361 1.00  
    2 7.79-14.76 25/344 0.84 (0.51–1.40)  
    3 14.77-23.95 34/346 1.22 (0.76–1.96)  
    High 23.96-97.36 37/324 1.94 (1.20–3.13) 0.002 
Total β-carotene     
    Low 2.53-96.54 36/362 1.00  
    2 96.55-172.86 27/345 0.86 (0.52–1.41)  
    3 172.87-281.15 35/344 1.31 (0.84–2.06)  
    High 281.16-1,496.4 36/324 1.74 (1.07–2.85) 0.007 
Total carotene     
    Low 2.60-127.16 35/357 1.00  
    2 127.17-225.29 27/347 0.89 (0.54–1.46)  
    3 225.30-379.95 33/349 1.22 (0.77–1.94)  
    High 379.96-1,724.4 39/324 1.98 (1.21–3.23) 0.001 
Total carotenoids     
    Low 198.91-983.25 32/348 1.00  
    2 983.26-1,329.3 34/354 1.13 (0.71–1.81)  
    3 1,329.4-1,755.8 34/340 1.31 (0.84–2.04)  
    High 1,755.9-3,979.0 34/333 1.75 (1.03–2.97) 0.03 
Retinol     
    Low 0.00-569.45 35/356 1.00  
    2 569.46-719.20 32/317 1.15 (0.72–1.83)  
    3 719.21-865.26 37/353 1.02 (0.67–1.55)  
    High 865.27-1,624.2 30/350 0.77 (0.48–1.24) 0.21 
α-Tocopherol     
    Low 3,490.4-7,536.0 39/358 1.00  
    2 7,536.1-9,391.3 33/325 0.94 (0.57–1.56)  
    3 9,391.4-12,375 26/367 0.75 (0.48–1.17)  
    High 12,376-36,621 36/325 1.38 (0.80–2.38) 0.22 
β-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol     
    Low 29.80-643.85 36/352 1.00  
    2 643.86-1,073.0 33/342 0.83 (0.52–1.33)  
    3 1,073.1-1,573.6 32/341 0.74 (0.45–1.20)  
    High 1,573.7-3,564.0 33/341 0.91 (0.58–1.42) 0.66 
δ-Tocopherol     
    Low 24.28-165.59 33/339 1.00  
    2 165.60-243.57 32/348 0.88 (0.56–1.38)  
    3 243.58-417.73 36/352 0.90 (0.54–1.49)  
    High 417.74-1,090.3 33/337 0.91 (0.56–1.49) 0.85 
Total tocopherol     
    Low 4,528.2-9,336.0 37/354 1.00  
    2 9,336.1-10,885 34/334 1.03 (0.65–1.63)  
    3 10,886-13,604 26/356 0.84 (0.53–1.34)  
    High 13,605-37,092 37/332 1.47 (0.89–2.41) 0.13 
*

Cumulative infection length in months, from first positive to first negative visit.

†

Adjusted for age at first visit, current tobacco smoking status, number of lifetime sexual partners, age at first sex, blood frozen over 1 y indicator variable, and coinfection status.

‡

Ptrend is based on a Wald statistic for a trend variable assigned the median for the appropriate quartile.

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