Baseline characteristics of prostate cancer case and control subjects enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study
| Characteristic . | Cases (n = 567) . | Controls (n = 764) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age at baseline ± SD (y)* | 60.7 ± 7.6 | 60.8 ± 7.6 | ||
| Mean age at diagnosis ± SD (y) | 68.5 ± 6.7 | |||
| Smoking status (%)* | ||||
| Current | 8.1 | 8.4 | ||
| Former | 46.0 | 46.6 | ||
| Disease status (%)† | ||||
| Nonaggressive prostate cancer | 49.6 | |||
| Aggressive prostate cancer | 48.5 | |||
| Unknown | 1.9 | |||
| MnSOD allele (%) | ||||
| Valine (V) | 48.7 | 49.7 | ||
| Alanine (A) | 51.3 | 50.3 | ||
| MnSOD polymorphism (%) | ||||
| MnSOD VV | 132 (23.3) | 190 (24.9) | ||
| MnSOD VA | 288 (50.8) | 379 (49.6) | ||
| MnSOD AA | 147 (25.9) | 195 (25.5) | ||
| Plasma antioxidant levels‡ | ||||
| α-Carotene (ng/mL) | 55.6 (26.4-132.0) | 60.7 (24.9-148.5) | ||
| β-Carotene (ng/mL) | 226.2 (96.1-488.1) | 226.6 (98.6-520.9) | ||
| β-cryptoxanthin (ng/mL) | 65.3 (26.4-148.2) | 63.6 (28.8-146.1) | ||
| Lutein (ng/mL) | 96.1 (51.3-224.8) | 88.6 (50.1-193.7) | ||
| Lycopene (ng/mL) | 385.9 (191.7-673.2) | 392.5 (209.1-694.2) | ||
| α-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 11,174.8 (7,119.6-17,623.8) | 10,878.9 (7,688.8-17,409.9) | ||
| γ-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 1,770.2 (978.8-2,949.9) | 1,743.7 (1,025.0-2,922.3) | ||
| Retinol (ng/mL) | 574.2 (408.4-797.4) | 548.9 (394.9-751.5) | ||
| Selenium (ppm) | 0.106 (0.084-0.130) | 0.107 (0.084-0.131) | ||
| Receive β-carotene assignment (%) | 48.3 | 52.5 | ||
| Characteristic . | Cases (n = 567) . | Controls (n = 764) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age at baseline ± SD (y)* | 60.7 ± 7.6 | 60.8 ± 7.6 | ||
| Mean age at diagnosis ± SD (y) | 68.5 ± 6.7 | |||
| Smoking status (%)* | ||||
| Current | 8.1 | 8.4 | ||
| Former | 46.0 | 46.6 | ||
| Disease status (%)† | ||||
| Nonaggressive prostate cancer | 49.6 | |||
| Aggressive prostate cancer | 48.5 | |||
| Unknown | 1.9 | |||
| MnSOD allele (%) | ||||
| Valine (V) | 48.7 | 49.7 | ||
| Alanine (A) | 51.3 | 50.3 | ||
| MnSOD polymorphism (%) | ||||
| MnSOD VV | 132 (23.3) | 190 (24.9) | ||
| MnSOD VA | 288 (50.8) | 379 (49.6) | ||
| MnSOD AA | 147 (25.9) | 195 (25.5) | ||
| Plasma antioxidant levels‡ | ||||
| α-Carotene (ng/mL) | 55.6 (26.4-132.0) | 60.7 (24.9-148.5) | ||
| β-Carotene (ng/mL) | 226.2 (96.1-488.1) | 226.6 (98.6-520.9) | ||
| β-cryptoxanthin (ng/mL) | 65.3 (26.4-148.2) | 63.6 (28.8-146.1) | ||
| Lutein (ng/mL) | 96.1 (51.3-224.8) | 88.6 (50.1-193.7) | ||
| Lycopene (ng/mL) | 385.9 (191.7-673.2) | 392.5 (209.1-694.2) | ||
| α-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 11,174.8 (7,119.6-17,623.8) | 10,878.9 (7,688.8-17,409.9) | ||
| γ-Tocopherol (ng/mL) | 1,770.2 (978.8-2,949.9) | 1,743.7 (1,025.0-2,922.3) | ||
| Retinol (ng/mL) | 574.2 (408.4-797.4) | 548.9 (394.9-751.5) | ||
| Selenium (ppm) | 0.106 (0.084-0.130) | 0.107 (0.084-0.131) | ||
| Receive β-carotene assignment (%) | 48.3 | 52.5 | ||
Matching variable.
Aggressive prostate cancer, stage C or D, high-grade tumor (Gleason score 7-10), or prostate cancer deaths during the follow-up; nonaggressive prostate cancer, stage A or B and low grade (Gleason score 2-6) tumor.
Values are medians (10th and 90th percentile); antioxidant levels were available for 511 to 541 cases and 423 to 642 controls.