Meat-cooking mutagens and risk for colorectal adenoma
| Mutagen . | All adenomas (n = 3,696) . | Stage . | . | Site* . | . | Number of adenomas . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | OR (95% CI)† . | Nonadvanced (n = 2,271) . | Advanced (n = 1,425) . | Colon (n = 2,474) . | Rectum (n = 688) . | Single (n = 2,796) . | Multiple (n = 900) . | |||||||
| . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | |||||||
| Mutagenicity | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (1,091.0-2,419.5) | 1.00 (0.88-1.12) | 1.02 (0.88-1.19) | 0.95 (0.79-1.14) | 1.00 (0.87-1.16) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 1.04 (0.91-1.19) | 0.86 (0.67-1.09) | |||||||
| Q3 (2,419.8-4,507.8) | 1.06 (0.95-1.20) | 1.09 (0.94-1.27) | 1.03 (0.85-1.23) | 1.07 (0.93-1.24) | 0.99 (0.77-1.28) | 1.11 (0.98-1.27) | 0.91 (0.72-1.16) | |||||||
| Q4 (4,509.8-9,352.9) | 1.14 (1.01-1.28) | 1.17 (1.01-1.37) | 1.08 (0.90-1.30) | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 1.07 (0.82-1.39) | 1.20 (1.05-1.37) | 0.96 (0.76-1.22) | |||||||
| Q5 (9,354.8-502,928.3) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 1.15 (0.99-1.35) | 0.97 (0.80-1.18) | 1.15 (0.99-1.33) | 0.93 (0.71-1.23) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 0.97 (0.76-1.23) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.32 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.70 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.63 | P = 0.37 | P = 0.59 | |||||||
| DiMeIQx (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (0.2-0.5) | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 1.05 (0.91-1.21) | 0.95 (0.80-1.13) | 1.01 (0.88-1.15) | 0.88 (0.69-1.12) | 1.00 (0.88-1.14) | 1.04 (0.83-1.29) | |||||||
| Q3 (0.5-1.3) | 0.98 (0.87-1.10) | 1.06 (0.92-1.22) | 0.86 (0.72-1.02) | 1.04 (0.91-1.19) | 0.81 (0.63-1.03) | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 0.81 (0.64-1.02) | |||||||
| Q4 (1.3-2.6) | 1.10 (0.98-1.22) | 1.18 (1.03-1.36) | 0.98 (0.83-1.16) | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) | 1.01 (0.80-1.28) | 1.10 (0.97-1.24) | 1.08 (0.88-1.34) | |||||||
| Q5 (2.6-159.1) | 1.05 (0.94-1.18) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 0.97 (0.82-1.15) | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) | 0.88 (0.69-1.13) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 0.99 (0.79-1.23) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.24 | P = 0.16 | P = 0.80 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.73 | P = 0.20 | P = 0.82 | |||||||
| MeIQx (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (7.0-14.3) | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 0.98 (0.84-1.13) | 0.92 (0.77-1.11) | 1.02 (0.88-1.17) | 0.70 (0.54-0.90) | 1.03 (0.90-1.17) | 0.76 (0.59-0.96) | |||||||
| Q3 (14.3-25.4) | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.16 (1.01-1.35) | 0.91 (0.76-1.10) | 1.12 (0.98-1.30) | 0.93 (0.73-1.19) | 1.14 (0.99-1.30) | 0.85 (0.67-1.07) | |||||||
| Q4 (25.4-46.3) | 1.12 (1.00-1.26) | 1.14 (0.98-1.33) | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 0.97 (0.76-1.25) | 1.18 (1.03-1.35) | 0.96 (0.77-1.21) | |||||||
| Q5 (46.3-1,230.8) | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 0.94 (0.77-1.14) | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) | 0.91 (0.71-1.16) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.12 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.91 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.43 | P = 0.12 | P = 0.63 | |||||||
| PhIP (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (16.8-40.0) | 1.09 (0.97-1.23) | 1.11 (0.95-1.28) | 1.06 (0.89-1.28) | 1.11 (0.96-1.29) | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | 1.12 (0.98-1.28) | 0.99 (0.78-1.26) | |||||||
| Q3 (40.1-86.1) | 1.05 (0.93-1.18) | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 0.99 (0.82-1.19) | 1.05 (0.91-1.22) | 1.03 (0.80-1.33) | 1.07 (0.93-1.22) | 0.97 (0.77-1.22) | |||||||
| Q4 (86.1-222.0) | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | 1.11 (0.95-1.29) | 1.17 (0.97-1.40) | 1.17 (1.01-1.35) | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | 1.18 (1.03-1.35) | 0.98 (0.77-1.24) | |||||||
| Q5 (222.1-13,334.8) | 1.11 (0.98-1.25) | 1.20 (1.04-1.40) | 0.96 (0.79-1.16) | 1.17 (1.01-1.35) | 1.02 (0.79-1.33) | 1.13 (0.98-1.29) | 1.03 (0.81-1.31) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.30 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.32 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.87 | P = 0.37 | P = 0.57 | |||||||
| Benzo(a)pyrene (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (0.8-3.0) | 1.13 (1.00-1.26) | 1.13 (0.98-1.30) | 1.13 (0.94-1.34) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) | 1.19 (0.93-1.52) | 1.16 (1.02-1.31) | 1.03 (0.82-1.29) | |||||||
| Q3 (3.0-12.7) | 1.10 (0.98-1.23) | 1.10 (0.95-1.27) | 1.09 (0.91-1.30) | 1.12 (0.97-1.28) | 1.04 (0.81-1.34) | 1.09 (0.96-1.24) | 1.11 (0.88-1.39) | |||||||
| Q4 (12.7-42.7) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | 0.99 (0.83-1.19) | 1.03 (0.90-1.19) | 0.87 (0.67-1.13) | 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | 0.93 (0.74-1.18) | |||||||
| Q5 (42.7-2,168.1) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 1.08 (0.90-1.30) | 1.18 (1.02-1.35) | 1.12 (0.87-1.44) | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 1.06 (0.85-1.33) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.16 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.90 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.73 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.79 | |||||||
| Mutagen . | All adenomas (n = 3,696) . | Stage . | . | Site* . | . | Number of adenomas . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | OR (95% CI)† . | Nonadvanced (n = 2,271) . | Advanced (n = 1,425) . | Colon (n = 2,474) . | Rectum (n = 688) . | Single (n = 2,796) . | Multiple (n = 900) . | |||||||
| . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | OR (95% CI)† . | . | |||||||
| Mutagenicity | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (1,091.0-2,419.5) | 1.00 (0.88-1.12) | 1.02 (0.88-1.19) | 0.95 (0.79-1.14) | 1.00 (0.87-1.16) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 1.04 (0.91-1.19) | 0.86 (0.67-1.09) | |||||||
| Q3 (2,419.8-4,507.8) | 1.06 (0.95-1.20) | 1.09 (0.94-1.27) | 1.03 (0.85-1.23) | 1.07 (0.93-1.24) | 0.99 (0.77-1.28) | 1.11 (0.98-1.27) | 0.91 (0.72-1.16) | |||||||
| Q4 (4,509.8-9,352.9) | 1.14 (1.01-1.28) | 1.17 (1.01-1.37) | 1.08 (0.90-1.30) | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 1.07 (0.82-1.39) | 1.20 (1.05-1.37) | 0.96 (0.76-1.22) | |||||||
| Q5 (9,354.8-502,928.3) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 1.15 (0.99-1.35) | 0.97 (0.80-1.18) | 1.15 (0.99-1.33) | 0.93 (0.71-1.23) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 0.97 (0.76-1.23) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.32 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.70 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.63 | P = 0.37 | P = 0.59 | |||||||
| DiMeIQx (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (0.2-0.5) | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 1.05 (0.91-1.21) | 0.95 (0.80-1.13) | 1.01 (0.88-1.15) | 0.88 (0.69-1.12) | 1.00 (0.88-1.14) | 1.04 (0.83-1.29) | |||||||
| Q3 (0.5-1.3) | 0.98 (0.87-1.10) | 1.06 (0.92-1.22) | 0.86 (0.72-1.02) | 1.04 (0.91-1.19) | 0.81 (0.63-1.03) | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 0.81 (0.64-1.02) | |||||||
| Q4 (1.3-2.6) | 1.10 (0.98-1.22) | 1.18 (1.03-1.36) | 0.98 (0.83-1.16) | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) | 1.01 (0.80-1.28) | 1.10 (0.97-1.24) | 1.08 (0.88-1.34) | |||||||
| Q5 (2.6-159.1) | 1.05 (0.94-1.18) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 0.97 (0.82-1.15) | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) | 0.88 (0.69-1.13) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 0.99 (0.79-1.23) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.24 | P = 0.16 | P = 0.80 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.73 | P = 0.20 | P = 0.82 | |||||||
| MeIQx (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (7.0-14.3) | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 0.98 (0.84-1.13) | 0.92 (0.77-1.11) | 1.02 (0.88-1.17) | 0.70 (0.54-0.90) | 1.03 (0.90-1.17) | 0.76 (0.59-0.96) | |||||||
| Q3 (14.3-25.4) | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.16 (1.01-1.35) | 0.91 (0.76-1.10) | 1.12 (0.98-1.30) | 0.93 (0.73-1.19) | 1.14 (0.99-1.30) | 0.85 (0.67-1.07) | |||||||
| Q4 (25.4-46.3) | 1.12 (1.00-1.26) | 1.14 (0.98-1.33) | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 0.97 (0.76-1.25) | 1.18 (1.03-1.35) | 0.96 (0.77-1.21) | |||||||
| Q5 (46.3-1,230.8) | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 0.94 (0.77-1.14) | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) | 0.91 (0.71-1.16) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.12 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.91 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.43 | P = 0.12 | P = 0.63 | |||||||
| PhIP (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (16.8-40.0) | 1.09 (0.97-1.23) | 1.11 (0.95-1.28) | 1.06 (0.89-1.28) | 1.11 (0.96-1.29) | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | 1.12 (0.98-1.28) | 0.99 (0.78-1.26) | |||||||
| Q3 (40.1-86.1) | 1.05 (0.93-1.18) | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 0.99 (0.82-1.19) | 1.05 (0.91-1.22) | 1.03 (0.80-1.33) | 1.07 (0.93-1.22) | 0.97 (0.77-1.22) | |||||||
| Q4 (86.1-222.0) | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | 1.11 (0.95-1.29) | 1.17 (0.97-1.40) | 1.17 (1.01-1.35) | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | 1.18 (1.03-1.35) | 0.98 (0.77-1.24) | |||||||
| Q5 (222.1-13,334.8) | 1.11 (0.98-1.25) | 1.20 (1.04-1.40) | 0.96 (0.79-1.16) | 1.17 (1.01-1.35) | 1.02 (0.79-1.33) | 1.13 (0.98-1.29) | 1.03 (0.81-1.31) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.30 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.32 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.87 | P = 0.37 | P = 0.57 | |||||||
| Benzo(a)pyrene (ng/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Q2 (0.8-3.0) | 1.13 (1.00-1.26) | 1.13 (0.98-1.30) | 1.13 (0.94-1.34) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) | 1.19 (0.93-1.52) | 1.16 (1.02-1.31) | 1.03 (0.82-1.29) | |||||||
| Q3 (3.0-12.7) | 1.10 (0.98-1.23) | 1.10 (0.95-1.27) | 1.09 (0.91-1.30) | 1.12 (0.97-1.28) | 1.04 (0.81-1.34) | 1.09 (0.96-1.24) | 1.11 (0.88-1.39) | |||||||
| Q4 (12.7-42.7) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | 0.99 (0.83-1.19) | 1.03 (0.90-1.19) | 0.87 (0.67-1.13) | 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | 0.93 (0.74-1.18) | |||||||
| Q5 (42.7-2,168.1) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 1.08 (0.90-1.30) | 1.18 (1.02-1.35) | 1.12 (0.87-1.44) | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 1.06 (0.85-1.33) | |||||||
| Ptrend | P = 0.16 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.90 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.73 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.79 | |||||||
Five hundred thirty-four adenoma cases could not be strictly classified as one of these two subsites.
Models were adjusted for age, gender, screening center, energy intake (kcal/d, standard method for energy adjustment), ethnicity (American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, or Pacific Islander), educational attainment (<8 years school, 8-11 years school, 12 years school/high school equivalent, post–high school other than college, some college, college graduate, or postgraduate), tobacco use (never, smoked cigar or pipe, quit smoking 20+ years and smoked ≤1 pack/d, quit 20+ years and smoked >1 pack/d, quit <20 years and smoked ≤1 pack/d, quit <20 years and smoked >1 pack/d, or unknown), alcohol use (<1, ≥1-15, >15-30, or >30 g/d), use of aspirin and ibuprofen separately (no regular use, <2, 2-3, 4, 8, 12-16, 30, or 60 per month), vigorous physical activity (none, <1, 1, 2, 3, or 4+ h/wk), BMI (calculated as kg/m2), total folate intake (μg/d), calcium intake (mg/d), and dietary fiber intake (g/d).