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Table 3.

RR (95% CI) of SCC by group of serum concentration of antioxidants at baseline, person-based analyses in 485 participants of the Nambour Skin Cancer Study, 1996-2004

Serum biomarkerBiomarker concentration
Ptrend
Group 1Group 2Group 3
α-Carotene     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.05 (0.01-0.07) 0.11 (0.08-0.15) 0.22 (0.16-1.04)  
    No. tumors/participants 19/153 26/171 14/161  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.28 (0.71-2.32) 0.74 (0.37-1.49) 0.59 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.30 (0.70-2.39) 0.71 (0.35-1.45) 0.49 
β-Carotene     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.30 (0.02-0.44) 0.59 (0.45-0.79) 1.10 (0.80-5.10)  
    No. tumors/participants 20/163 22/159 17/163  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.09 (0.59-2.01) 0.88 (0.45-1.69) 0.64 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.08 (0.57-2.03) 0.92 (0.47-1.81) 0.78 
β-Cryptoxanthin     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.10 (0.01-0.17) 0.29 (0.18-0.42) 0.73 (0.43- 3.20)  
    No. tumors/participants 16/159 22/168 21/158  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.18 (0.62-2.25) 1.11 (0.56-2.16) 0.87 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.16 (0.60-2.24 1.17 (0.59-2.33) 0.70 
Lutein and zeaxanthin     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.20 (0.04-0.28) 0.37 (0.29-0.47) 0.64 (0.48-1.60)  
    No. tumors/participants 17/162 21/158 21/165  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.34 (0.71-2.55) 1.04 (0.55-1.98) 0.96 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.26 (0.66-2.42) 1.01 (0.53-1.93) 0.91 
α-Tocopherol     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 24.0 (9.0-27.0) 30.0 (28.0-33.0) 38.5 (34.0-130.0)  
    No. tumors/participants 19/163 20/158 20/164  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 0.84 (0.44-1.60) 0.76 (0.39-1.47) 0.44 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 0.78 (0.41-1.50) 0.85 (0.43-1.65) 0.68 
Serum biomarkerBiomarker concentration
Ptrend
Group 1Group 2Group 3
α-Carotene     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.05 (0.01-0.07) 0.11 (0.08-0.15) 0.22 (0.16-1.04)  
    No. tumors/participants 19/153 26/171 14/161  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.28 (0.71-2.32) 0.74 (0.37-1.49) 0.59 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.30 (0.70-2.39) 0.71 (0.35-1.45) 0.49 
β-Carotene     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.30 (0.02-0.44) 0.59 (0.45-0.79) 1.10 (0.80-5.10)  
    No. tumors/participants 20/163 22/159 17/163  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.09 (0.59-2.01) 0.88 (0.45-1.69) 0.64 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.08 (0.57-2.03) 0.92 (0.47-1.81) 0.78 
β-Cryptoxanthin     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.10 (0.01-0.17) 0.29 (0.18-0.42) 0.73 (0.43- 3.20)  
    No. tumors/participants 16/159 22/168 21/158  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.18 (0.62-2.25) 1.11 (0.56-2.16) 0.87 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.16 (0.60-2.24 1.17 (0.59-2.33) 0.70 
Lutein and zeaxanthin     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 0.20 (0.04-0.28) 0.37 (0.29-0.47) 0.64 (0.48-1.60)  
    No. tumors/participants 17/162 21/158 21/165  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 1.34 (0.71-2.55) 1.04 (0.55-1.98) 0.96 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 1.26 (0.66-2.42) 1.01 (0.53-1.93) 0.91 
α-Tocopherol     
    Median (μmol/L; min-max) 24.0 (9.0-27.0) 30.0 (28.0-33.0) 38.5 (34.0-130.0)  
    No. tumors/participants 19/163 20/158 20/164  
    Basic RR (95% CI)* 1.00 0.84 (0.44-1.60) 0.76 (0.39-1.47) 0.44 
    Multivariate RR (95% CI)† 1.00 0.78 (0.41-1.50) 0.85 (0.43-1.65) 0.68 
*

Adjusted for age and sex. All RRs from multivariate Poisson regression.

†

Adjusted for age, sex, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake (continuous), time spent outdoors on weekdays, and history of skin cancer before 1996.

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