RR of breast cancer and 95% CI by cultural and lifestyle practices in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
| Measure of acculturation . | Childhood (mother interviewed) . | . | Adolescence (subject interviewed) . | . | Adulthood (subject interviewed) . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | ||||||
| Family religion* | ||||||||||||
| Western | 43/59 | 1.0 | 98/232 | 1.0 | 293/434 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Eastern | 42/69 | 1.17 (0.5-2.5) | 368/554 | 0.64 (0.5-0.9) | 238/412 | 0.88 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
| Language spoken at home | ||||||||||||
| English | 46/78 | 1.0 | 202/302 | 1.0 | 300/455 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Asian† and English | 14/23 | 0.91 (0.4-2.2) | 83/121 | 0.83 (0.6-1.2) | 82/140 | 0.74 (0.5-1.1) | ||||||
| Asian† | 37/51 | 1.06 (0.5-2.4) | 306/533 | 0.75 (0.6-1.0) | 211/362 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | ||||||
| Language of newspapers read by adults in the home‡ | ||||||||||||
| English | 44/83 | 1.0 | 193/289 | 1.0 | 222/327 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Asian†/English equally | 22/28 | 1.43 (0.7-3.2) | 122/167 | 1.11 (0.8-1.5) | 84/154 | 0.82 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
| Asian† | 24/41 | 1.34 (0.6-3.0) | 257/476 | 0.87 (0.7-1.1) | 107/233 | 0.71 (0.5-1.0) | ||||||
| Asian language/culture studied in school by children in family | ||||||||||||
| No | 37/64 | 1.0 | 233/331 | 1.0 | — | — | ||||||
| Yes | 58/88 | 0.92 (0.5-1.7) | 363/635 | 0.73 (0.6-0.9) | — | — | ||||||
| Grocery store used | ||||||||||||
| Western | 32/56 | 1.0 | 149/223 | 1.0 | 282/400 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Western/Asian equally | 19/46 | 0.77 (0.3-1.7) | 111/183 | 0.81 (0.6-1.1) | 187/310 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | ||||||
| Asian | 45/51 | 1.79 (0.8-3.8) | 333/558 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | 128/256 | 0.60 (0.4-0.8) | ||||||
| Friends | ||||||||||||
| Not Asian/Asian American | 14/19 | 1.0 | 60/61 | 1.0 | 63/73 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Both | 19/23 | 0.62 (0.2-1.8) | 107/152 | 0.76 (0.5-1.2) | 205/333 | 0.76 (0.5-1.1) | ||||||
| Asian/Asian American | 64/110 | 0.52 (0.2-1.3) | 430/753 | 0.58 (0.4-0.9) | 329/560 | 0.70 (0.5-1.0) | ||||||
| Neighborhood | ||||||||||||
| Not Asian/Asian American | 17/23 | 1.0 | 53/78 | 1.0 | 124/192 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Mixed | 19/40 | 0.88 (0.3-2.4) | 108/166 | 1.10 (0.7-1.8) | 227/426 | 1.05 (0.8-1.4) | ||||||
| Asian/Asian American | 61/90 | 1.13 (0.5-2.8) | 435/722 | 0.96 (0.6-1.4) | 196/348 | 0.86 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
| Measure of acculturation . | Childhood (mother interviewed) . | . | Adolescence (subject interviewed) . | . | Adulthood (subject interviewed) . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | Cases/controls . | RR (95% CI) . | ||||||
| Family religion* | ||||||||||||
| Western | 43/59 | 1.0 | 98/232 | 1.0 | 293/434 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Eastern | 42/69 | 1.17 (0.5-2.5) | 368/554 | 0.64 (0.5-0.9) | 238/412 | 0.88 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
| Language spoken at home | ||||||||||||
| English | 46/78 | 1.0 | 202/302 | 1.0 | 300/455 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Asian† and English | 14/23 | 0.91 (0.4-2.2) | 83/121 | 0.83 (0.6-1.2) | 82/140 | 0.74 (0.5-1.1) | ||||||
| Asian† | 37/51 | 1.06 (0.5-2.4) | 306/533 | 0.75 (0.6-1.0) | 211/362 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | ||||||
| Language of newspapers read by adults in the home‡ | ||||||||||||
| English | 44/83 | 1.0 | 193/289 | 1.0 | 222/327 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Asian†/English equally | 22/28 | 1.43 (0.7-3.2) | 122/167 | 1.11 (0.8-1.5) | 84/154 | 0.82 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
| Asian† | 24/41 | 1.34 (0.6-3.0) | 257/476 | 0.87 (0.7-1.1) | 107/233 | 0.71 (0.5-1.0) | ||||||
| Asian language/culture studied in school by children in family | ||||||||||||
| No | 37/64 | 1.0 | 233/331 | 1.0 | — | — | ||||||
| Yes | 58/88 | 0.92 (0.5-1.7) | 363/635 | 0.73 (0.6-0.9) | — | — | ||||||
| Grocery store used | ||||||||||||
| Western | 32/56 | 1.0 | 149/223 | 1.0 | 282/400 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Western/Asian equally | 19/46 | 0.77 (0.3-1.7) | 111/183 | 0.81 (0.6-1.1) | 187/310 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | ||||||
| Asian | 45/51 | 1.79 (0.8-3.8) | 333/558 | 0.76 (0.6-1.0) | 128/256 | 0.60 (0.4-0.8) | ||||||
| Friends | ||||||||||||
| Not Asian/Asian American | 14/19 | 1.0 | 60/61 | 1.0 | 63/73 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Both | 19/23 | 0.62 (0.2-1.8) | 107/152 | 0.76 (0.5-1.2) | 205/333 | 0.76 (0.5-1.1) | ||||||
| Asian/Asian American | 64/110 | 0.52 (0.2-1.3) | 430/753 | 0.58 (0.4-0.9) | 329/560 | 0.70 (0.5-1.0) | ||||||
| Neighborhood | ||||||||||||
| Not Asian/Asian American | 17/23 | 1.0 | 53/78 | 1.0 | 124/192 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Mixed | 19/40 | 0.88 (0.3-2.4) | 108/166 | 1.10 (0.7-1.8) | 227/426 | 1.05 (0.8-1.4) | ||||||
| Asian/Asian American | 61/90 | 1.13 (0.5-2.8) | 435/722 | 0.96 (0.6-1.4) | 196/348 | 0.86 (0.6-1.2) | ||||||
NOTE: RR are adjusted for study design variables [age at diagnosis (20-39, 40-44, 45-49, ≥50 y), ethnicity (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino), and study center (Hawaii, Los Angeles, San Francisco-Oakland)] and parity/age at first live birth (nulliparous/never pregnant, 1-2 live births/age at first birth ≤20 y, ≥3 live births/age at first live birth ≤20 y, 1-2 live births/age at first live birth ≥21 y, ≥3 live births/age at first live birth ≥21 y, missing), menopausal status at diagnosis (premenopausal, postmenopausal, missing/other), age at menarche (<13 y, ≥13 y, missing/other), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), and personal history of benign breast disease (yes, no, missing).
Excludes subjects who reported that they did not practice any religion during specified period.
Asian refers to any Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino dialect.
For childhood and adolescence, refers to language of newspapers read by parents; for adulthood, refers to language of newspapers read by subject; excludes those who responded that they were not able to read in any language.