Baseline characteristics by lung cancer status
| . | Mean (SD) or n (%)* . | . | P . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Noncases (n = 77,958) . | Lung cancer (n = 210) . | . | |||
| Age at baseline (y) | 58.2 (7.1) | 63.5 (5.5) | <0.01 | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 48,344 (62.0) | 142 (67.6) | <0.01 | |||
| African American | 5,922 (7.6) | 27 (12.9) | ||||
| Hispanic | 6,761 (8.7) | 18 (8.6) | ||||
| Asian | 11,263 (11.5) | 17 (8.1) | ||||
| Other | 5,157 (6.6) | 6 (2.9) | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than college | 41,113 (52.7) | 148 (70.5) | <0.01 | |||
| College or higher | 36,129 (46.3) | 62 (29.5) | ||||
| Household income | ||||||
| $0-40,000 | 11,523 (19.9) | 57 (27.1) | <0.01 | |||
| $40,000-80,000 | 28,447 (36.5) | 94 (44.8) | ||||
| >$80,000 | 30,841 (39.6) | 54 (25.7) | ||||
| History of COPD/emphysema | ||||||
| No | 76,736 (98.4) | 181 (86.2) | <0.01 | |||
| Yes | 1,222 (1.6) | 29 (13.8) | ||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never-smokers (%) | 33,517 (43.0) | 19 (9.1) | <0.01 | |||
| Former smokers (%) | 35,206 (45.2) | 104 (49.5) | ||||
| Current smokers (%) | 9,200 (11.8) | 87 (41.4) | ||||
| Pack-years (former and current smokers) | 17.2 (20.0) | 37.5 (27.2) | ||||
| Passive smoking | ||||||
| No | 7,420 (9.5) | 8 (3.8) | 0.02 | |||
| Yes | 69,293 (88.9) | 199 (94.8) | ||||
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 3,126 (4.0) | 9 (4.3) | 0.04 | |||
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 19,226 (24.7) | 68 (32.4) | ||||
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 35,261 (45.2) | 85 (40.5) | ||||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 20,345 (26.1) | 48 (22.9) | ||||
| Vigorous activity score† | 612.9 (1214.9) | 266.3 (688.6) | <0.01 | |||
| Alcohol intake (servings/mo) | ||||||
| Total alcohol | 23.3 (44.1) | 24.0 (45.0) | 0.81 | |||
| Beer | 9.4 (27.3) | 10.4 (31.5) | 0.60 | |||
| Red wine | 5.5 (16.0) | 2.7 (9.0) | <0.01 | |||
| White wine, including rosé | 3.3 (12.4) | 2.3 (8.3) | 0.25 | |||
| Liquor | 5.1 (19.0) | 8.7 (28.4) | <0.01 | |||
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total calories (kcal/d) | 2,072.0 (1,120.5) | 1,938.3 (865.2) | 0.07 | |||
| Fat (g/d) | 81.1 (52.3) | 79.1 (43.5) | 0.58 | |||
| Meat (servings/mo) | 34.1 (29.1) | 37.3 (29.3) | 0.10 | |||
| Fish (servings/mo) | 8.4 (10.6) | 6.8 (7.3) | 0.02 | |||
| Fruits/vegetables (servings/d) | 4.2 (3.1) | 3.4 (2.3) | <0.01 | |||
| Use multivitamins (yes/no) | ||||||
| No | 31,707 (40.7) | 102 (48.6) | 0.02 | |||
| Yes | 46,251 (59.3) | 108 (51.4) | ||||
| . | Mean (SD) or n (%)* . | . | P . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Noncases (n = 77,958) . | Lung cancer (n = 210) . | . | |||
| Age at baseline (y) | 58.2 (7.1) | 63.5 (5.5) | <0.01 | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 48,344 (62.0) | 142 (67.6) | <0.01 | |||
| African American | 5,922 (7.6) | 27 (12.9) | ||||
| Hispanic | 6,761 (8.7) | 18 (8.6) | ||||
| Asian | 11,263 (11.5) | 17 (8.1) | ||||
| Other | 5,157 (6.6) | 6 (2.9) | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than college | 41,113 (52.7) | 148 (70.5) | <0.01 | |||
| College or higher | 36,129 (46.3) | 62 (29.5) | ||||
| Household income | ||||||
| $0-40,000 | 11,523 (19.9) | 57 (27.1) | <0.01 | |||
| $40,000-80,000 | 28,447 (36.5) | 94 (44.8) | ||||
| >$80,000 | 30,841 (39.6) | 54 (25.7) | ||||
| History of COPD/emphysema | ||||||
| No | 76,736 (98.4) | 181 (86.2) | <0.01 | |||
| Yes | 1,222 (1.6) | 29 (13.8) | ||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never-smokers (%) | 33,517 (43.0) | 19 (9.1) | <0.01 | |||
| Former smokers (%) | 35,206 (45.2) | 104 (49.5) | ||||
| Current smokers (%) | 9,200 (11.8) | 87 (41.4) | ||||
| Pack-years (former and current smokers) | 17.2 (20.0) | 37.5 (27.2) | ||||
| Passive smoking | ||||||
| No | 7,420 (9.5) | 8 (3.8) | 0.02 | |||
| Yes | 69,293 (88.9) | 199 (94.8) | ||||
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 3,126 (4.0) | 9 (4.3) | 0.04 | |||
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 19,226 (24.7) | 68 (32.4) | ||||
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 35,261 (45.2) | 85 (40.5) | ||||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 20,345 (26.1) | 48 (22.9) | ||||
| Vigorous activity score† | 612.9 (1214.9) | 266.3 (688.6) | <0.01 | |||
| Alcohol intake (servings/mo) | ||||||
| Total alcohol | 23.3 (44.1) | 24.0 (45.0) | 0.81 | |||
| Beer | 9.4 (27.3) | 10.4 (31.5) | 0.60 | |||
| Red wine | 5.5 (16.0) | 2.7 (9.0) | <0.01 | |||
| White wine, including rosé | 3.3 (12.4) | 2.3 (8.3) | 0.25 | |||
| Liquor | 5.1 (19.0) | 8.7 (28.4) | <0.01 | |||
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total calories (kcal/d) | 2,072.0 (1,120.5) | 1,938.3 (865.2) | 0.07 | |||
| Fat (g/d) | 81.1 (52.3) | 79.1 (43.5) | 0.58 | |||
| Meat (servings/mo) | 34.1 (29.1) | 37.3 (29.3) | 0.10 | |||
| Fish (servings/mo) | 8.4 (10.6) | 6.8 (7.3) | 0.02 | |||
| Fruits/vegetables (servings/d) | 4.2 (3.1) | 3.4 (2.3) | <0.01 | |||
| Use multivitamins (yes/no) | ||||||
| No | 31,707 (40.7) | 102 (48.6) | 0.02 | |||
| Yes | 46,251 (59.3) | 108 (51.4) | ||||
Percentage may not add up to 100% due to missing values.
Vigorous activity was defined as a minimum of 1,260 MET-h activity per week on average, equivalent to at least 3.5 h of activity with a minimum MET level of 6. Scores were derived by multiplying assigned MET values by duration and frequency and summing across activity.