Dietary and/or supplemental intake of calcium and breast cancer risk
| First author (ref.), year, study place . | Years of data collection . | Study design . | No. cases/controls (cohort) . | Comparison* . | RR (95% CL) . | Variables adjusted for . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katsouyanni (54), 1988, Greece | 1983-1984 | Hospital-based case-control study | 120/120 | Dietary calcium (centiles), C90 vs C10† | 0.56 (0.27, 1.16) | Age, education, and interviewer | |
| Zaridze (52), 1991, Russia | 1987-1989 | Hospital-based case-control study | 139/139 | Dietary calcium (quartiles) | Energy intake, age at menarche, and education | ||
| Premenopausal | No association‡ | ||||||
| Postmenopausal, Q4 vs Q1 | 0.20 (0.05, 0.84) | ||||||
| Van't Veer (55), 1991, Netherlands § | 1985-1987 | Population-based case-control study | 133/289 | Dairy calcium/fiber | Age and fat intake | ||
| ≤464.4/≤26.2 | 1.0 (ref.) | ||||||
| >464.4/>26.2 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | ||||||
| Landa (53), 1994, Spain | 1987-1988 | Hospital-based case-control study | 100/100 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), Q3 vs Q1 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | Energy intake | |
| Negri (51), 1996, Italy | 1991-1994 | Hospital-based case-control study | 2,569/2,588 | Dietary calcium (quintiles), Q5 vs Q1 | 0.80 (0.7, 1.0) | Age, center, education, parity, energy, and alcohol intake | |
| Knekt (57), 1996, Finland | 1966/1972-∥ | Cohort study | 88/4,697 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), T3 vs T1 | 0.44 (0.24, 0.80) | Not stated | |
| Witte (39), 1997, United States and Canada | 1989 | Familial matched case-control study | 140/222 | Not stated | No association‡ | Not stated | |
| Levi (37), 2001, Swiss | 1993-1999 | Hospital-based case-control study | 289/442 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), T3 vs T1 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | Age, education, parity, menopausal status, BMI, total energy intake, and alcohol drinking | |
| Shin (40), 2002, United States¶ | 1980-1996 | Cohort study | 3,172/88,691 | Total calcium (mg/d) | Age, period, physical activity, BBD, family history of breast cancer, height, weight change since age 18, BMI at age 18, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, alcohol intake, energy, glycemic index, β-carotene, and vitamin E | ||
| Premenopausal, >1,000-1250 vs ≤500 | 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) | ||||||
| Postmenopausal, >1,000-1250 vs ≤500 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | ||||||
| Adzersen (50), 2003, Germany | 1998-2000 | Hospital-based case-control study | 310/353 | Dietary calcium (mg/d), 870-1,180 vs <558 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.75) | Age, energy, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, mother/sister with breast cancer, current smoking, history of BBD or operation, BMI, alcohol, and HRT | |
| Boyapati (56), 2003, China | 1996-1998 | Population-based case-control study | 1,459/1,556 | Dietary calcium (deciles) | Age, energy, menopausal status (for all subjects only), family history among first-degree relatives, history of fibroadenoma, age at first live birth, BMI, education, income, protein, fruits, and vegetables | ||
| Postmenopausal, D10 vs D1 | 0.72 (0.38, 1.37) | ||||||
| Premenopausal, D10 vs D1 | 0.72 (0.38, 1.37) | ||||||
| McCullough (13), 2005, United States** | 1992-2001 | Cohort study | 2,855/68,567 | Postmenopausal | Age, energy, history of breast cyst, family history of breast cancer, height, weight gain since age 18, alcohol use, race, age at menopause, age at first birth and no. live births, education, mammography history, and HRT | ||
| Dietary and supplemental (mg/d), >1,500 to ≤1,750 vs ≤500 | 0.76 (0.63, 0.92) | ||||||
| Dietary calcium (mg/d), >1,250 vs ≤500 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.95) | ||||||
| Supplemental calcium (mg/d), >1,000 vs none | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | ||||||
| First author (ref.), year, study place . | Years of data collection . | Study design . | No. cases/controls (cohort) . | Comparison* . | RR (95% CL) . | Variables adjusted for . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katsouyanni (54), 1988, Greece | 1983-1984 | Hospital-based case-control study | 120/120 | Dietary calcium (centiles), C90 vs C10† | 0.56 (0.27, 1.16) | Age, education, and interviewer | |
| Zaridze (52), 1991, Russia | 1987-1989 | Hospital-based case-control study | 139/139 | Dietary calcium (quartiles) | Energy intake, age at menarche, and education | ||
| Premenopausal | No association‡ | ||||||
| Postmenopausal, Q4 vs Q1 | 0.20 (0.05, 0.84) | ||||||
| Van't Veer (55), 1991, Netherlands § | 1985-1987 | Population-based case-control study | 133/289 | Dairy calcium/fiber | Age and fat intake | ||
| ≤464.4/≤26.2 | 1.0 (ref.) | ||||||
| >464.4/>26.2 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | ||||||
| Landa (53), 1994, Spain | 1987-1988 | Hospital-based case-control study | 100/100 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), Q3 vs Q1 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | Energy intake | |
| Negri (51), 1996, Italy | 1991-1994 | Hospital-based case-control study | 2,569/2,588 | Dietary calcium (quintiles), Q5 vs Q1 | 0.80 (0.7, 1.0) | Age, center, education, parity, energy, and alcohol intake | |
| Knekt (57), 1996, Finland | 1966/1972-∥ | Cohort study | 88/4,697 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), T3 vs T1 | 0.44 (0.24, 0.80) | Not stated | |
| Witte (39), 1997, United States and Canada | 1989 | Familial matched case-control study | 140/222 | Not stated | No association‡ | Not stated | |
| Levi (37), 2001, Swiss | 1993-1999 | Hospital-based case-control study | 289/442 | Dietary calcium (tertiles), T3 vs T1 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | Age, education, parity, menopausal status, BMI, total energy intake, and alcohol drinking | |
| Shin (40), 2002, United States¶ | 1980-1996 | Cohort study | 3,172/88,691 | Total calcium (mg/d) | Age, period, physical activity, BBD, family history of breast cancer, height, weight change since age 18, BMI at age 18, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, alcohol intake, energy, glycemic index, β-carotene, and vitamin E | ||
| Premenopausal, >1,000-1250 vs ≤500 | 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) | ||||||
| Postmenopausal, >1,000-1250 vs ≤500 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | ||||||
| Adzersen (50), 2003, Germany | 1998-2000 | Hospital-based case-control study | 310/353 | Dietary calcium (mg/d), 870-1,180 vs <558 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.75) | Age, energy, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, mother/sister with breast cancer, current smoking, history of BBD or operation, BMI, alcohol, and HRT | |
| Boyapati (56), 2003, China | 1996-1998 | Population-based case-control study | 1,459/1,556 | Dietary calcium (deciles) | Age, energy, menopausal status (for all subjects only), family history among first-degree relatives, history of fibroadenoma, age at first live birth, BMI, education, income, protein, fruits, and vegetables | ||
| Postmenopausal, D10 vs D1 | 0.72 (0.38, 1.37) | ||||||
| Premenopausal, D10 vs D1 | 0.72 (0.38, 1.37) | ||||||
| McCullough (13), 2005, United States** | 1992-2001 | Cohort study | 2,855/68,567 | Postmenopausal | Age, energy, history of breast cyst, family history of breast cancer, height, weight gain since age 18, alcohol use, race, age at menopause, age at first birth and no. live births, education, mammography history, and HRT | ||
| Dietary and supplemental (mg/d), >1,500 to ≤1,750 vs ≤500 | 0.76 (0.63, 0.92) | ||||||
| Dietary calcium (mg/d), >1,250 vs ≤500 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.95) | ||||||
| Supplemental calcium (mg/d), >1,000 vs none | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | ||||||
The associations are presented by menopausal status whenever the studies reported them separately or the studies were restricted to either premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Otherwise, the associations for a combination of premenopausal and postmenopausal women are presented.
RR and 95% CL were estimated for consumption of calcium equal to the value of the 90th centile versus consumption equal to the value of the 10th centile.
Detailed estimates were not presented.
Joint effects of calcium and fiber were presented.
The cohort was recruited between 1966 and 1972 and followed up for 25 years.
The study was based on the Nurses' Health Study. Cumulative calcium intake was used in analyses.
This study, an analysis of postmenopausal women, was conducted in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.