Tuibur (tobacco smoke–infused water) and risk of stomach cancer
| Habits . | Cases . | Controls . | Univariate*, OR (95% CI) . | Multivariate†, adjusted OR (95% CI) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuibur status | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| Former user | 37 | 46 | 1.9 (1.1-2.8) | 1.3 (0.4-2.1) | ||||
| Current user | 56 | 55 | 2.4 (1.5-3.4) | 2.1 (1.3-3.1) | ||||
| Frequency/d | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <5 | 17 | 28 | 1.3 (0.4-4.0) | 1.1 (0.2-7.2) | ||||
| 5-10 | 48 | 55 | 1.7 (0.3-7.4) | 1.3 (0.4-8.2) | ||||
| >10 | 28 | 18 | 3.3 (1.6-10.7) | 2.8 (1.1-11.7) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Age began (y) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| ≤19 | 23 | 19 | 3.4 (1.8-16.5) | 2.7 (1.3-15.6) | ||||
| 20-29 | 25 | 21 | 2.2 (0.6-12.7) | 1.5 (0.6-6.4) | ||||
| ≥30 | 45 | 61 | 1.7 (0.3-8.6) | 1.2 (0.8-7.3) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Duration (y) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| ≤15 | 20 | 26 | 1.8 (0.6-4.8) | 1.4 (0.05-7.9) | ||||
| 16-30 | 45 | 50 | 2.7 (1.4-6.6) | 1.7 (0.3-8.4) | ||||
| >30 | 28 | 25 | 3.6 (1.7-11.2) | 2.4 (1.1-10.5) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Years since stopped | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <10 | 15 | 12 | 2.4 (1.24-8.54) | 1.9 (1.1-6.2) | ||||
| 10-20 | 18 | 27 | 1.6 (0.4-5.27) | 0.5 (0.02-6.1) | ||||
| >20 | 9 | 21 | 1.1 (0.1-4.98) | 0.2 (0.07-7.2) | ||||
| Trend test not significant | ||||||||
| Cumulative dose to amount of tuibur (ml) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <1,000 | 45 | 57 | 1.8 (0.7-5.2) | 0.7 (0.05-8.2) | ||||
| 1,000-2,000 | 24 | 27 | 2.1 (1.1-9.2) | 1.3 (0.5-7.5) | ||||
| >2000 | 24 | 17 | 3.3 (1.7-9.2) | 2.1 (1.7-8.6) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Habits . | Cases . | Controls . | Univariate*, OR (95% CI) . | Multivariate†, adjusted OR (95% CI) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuibur status | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| Former user | 37 | 46 | 1.9 (1.1-2.8) | 1.3 (0.4-2.1) | ||||
| Current user | 56 | 55 | 2.4 (1.5-3.4) | 2.1 (1.3-3.1) | ||||
| Frequency/d | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <5 | 17 | 28 | 1.3 (0.4-4.0) | 1.1 (0.2-7.2) | ||||
| 5-10 | 48 | 55 | 1.7 (0.3-7.4) | 1.3 (0.4-8.2) | ||||
| >10 | 28 | 18 | 3.3 (1.6-10.7) | 2.8 (1.1-11.7) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Age began (y) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| ≤19 | 23 | 19 | 3.4 (1.8-16.5) | 2.7 (1.3-15.6) | ||||
| 20-29 | 25 | 21 | 2.2 (0.6-12.7) | 1.5 (0.6-6.4) | ||||
| ≥30 | 45 | 61 | 1.7 (0.3-8.6) | 1.2 (0.8-7.3) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Duration (y) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| ≤15 | 20 | 26 | 1.8 (0.6-4.8) | 1.4 (0.05-7.9) | ||||
| 16-30 | 45 | 50 | 2.7 (1.4-6.6) | 1.7 (0.3-8.4) | ||||
| >30 | 28 | 25 | 3.6 (1.7-11.2) | 2.4 (1.1-10.5) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Years since stopped | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <10 | 15 | 12 | 2.4 (1.24-8.54) | 1.9 (1.1-6.2) | ||||
| 10-20 | 18 | 27 | 1.6 (0.4-5.27) | 0.5 (0.02-6.1) | ||||
| >20 | 9 | 21 | 1.1 (0.1-4.98) | 0.2 (0.07-7.2) | ||||
| Trend test not significant | ||||||||
| Cumulative dose to amount of tuibur (ml) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 236 | 557 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| <1,000 | 45 | 57 | 1.8 (0.7-5.2) | 0.7 (0.05-8.2) | ||||
| 1,000-2,000 | 24 | 27 | 2.1 (1.1-9.2) | 1.3 (0.5-7.5) | ||||
| >2000 | 24 | 17 | 3.3 (1.7-9.2) | 2.1 (1.7-8.6) | ||||
| Ptrend < 0.001 | ||||||||
Matched (cases and controls were matched for age and sex) univariate OR estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis.
Adjusted ORs (adjusted for alcohol drinking, chewing, smoking, level of education, occupation, and income group) obtained by matched conditional multiple logistic regression analysis using maximum likelihood approach.