Baseline characteristics among 508 women who developed breast cancer (cases) and an equal number of women who remained free of breast cancer (controls)
| . | Cases (n = 508) . | Controls (n = 508) . | P . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 0.27 | |||
| History of breast cancer in first-degree relative (%) | 7.2 | 7.7 | 0.76 | |||
| Exercise (%) | 0.78 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 36.6 | 39.8 | ||||
| <Once/wk | 20.1 | 18.7 | ||||
| One to three times/wk | 32.9 | 31.7 | ||||
| ≥Four times/wk | 10.4 | 9.8 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 0.17 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 41.7 | 45.3 | ||||
| One to three drinks/mo | 12.2 | 15.2 | ||||
| One to six drinks/wk | 34.5 | 30.1 | ||||
| ≥One drink/d | 11.6 | 9.5 | ||||
| Menarche ≥14 years (%) | 16.9 | 18.9 | 0.40 | |||
| Ever used oral contraceptives (%) | 62.1 | 65.7 | 0.50 | |||
| Age at first pregnancy (%) | 0.028 | |||||
| <20 years | 5.9 | 10.1 | ||||
| 20-34 years | 86.8 | 85.3 | ||||
| ≥35 years | 5.9 | 2.6 | ||||
| Nulliparous (%) | 2.3 | 2.6 | 0.44 | |||
| Postmenopausal (%) | 63.2 | 61.0 | 0.23 | |||
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 0.30 | |||||
| Never | 43.8 | 40.6 | ||||
| Former | 9.5 | 12.2 | ||||
| Current | 46.8 | 47.1 | ||||
| Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d) | 6.2 ± 3.2 | 6.0 ± 3.1 | 0.16 | |||
| Energy-adjusted dietary factors | ||||||
| Lycopene intake (μg/d) | 9,359 ± 6,780 | 9,038 ± 6,409 | 0.44 | |||
| Total fiber intake (g/d) | 19.1 ± 5.6 | 19.2 ± 6.2 | 0.84 | |||
| Folate intake (μg/d) | 434 ± 228 | 441 ± 239 | 0.62 | |||
| Saturated fat intake (g/d) | 19.5 ± 5.0 | 19.7 ± 4.7 | 0.52 | |||
| Plasma lycopene (μg/dL) | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 10.3 ± 4.7 | 0.20 | |||
| Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 220 ± 37 | 221 ± 39 | 0.61 | |||
| Plasma β-cryptoxanthin (μg/dL) | 11.4 ± 9.7 | 11.1 ± 8.7 | 0.52 | |||
| Plasma lutein/zeaxanthin (μg/dL) | 19.4 ± 10.5 | 18.5 ± 8.8 | 0.16 | |||
| Plasma α-carotene (μg/dL) | 8.9 ± 8.5 | 8.2 ± 7.5 | 0.19 | |||
| Plasma β-carotene (μg/dL) | 27.1 ± 23.3 | 25.4 ± 22.0 | 0.24 | |||
| . | Cases (n = 508) . | Controls (n = 508) . | P . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 0.27 | |||
| History of breast cancer in first-degree relative (%) | 7.2 | 7.7 | 0.76 | |||
| Exercise (%) | 0.78 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 36.6 | 39.8 | ||||
| <Once/wk | 20.1 | 18.7 | ||||
| One to three times/wk | 32.9 | 31.7 | ||||
| ≥Four times/wk | 10.4 | 9.8 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 0.17 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 41.7 | 45.3 | ||||
| One to three drinks/mo | 12.2 | 15.2 | ||||
| One to six drinks/wk | 34.5 | 30.1 | ||||
| ≥One drink/d | 11.6 | 9.5 | ||||
| Menarche ≥14 years (%) | 16.9 | 18.9 | 0.40 | |||
| Ever used oral contraceptives (%) | 62.1 | 65.7 | 0.50 | |||
| Age at first pregnancy (%) | 0.028 | |||||
| <20 years | 5.9 | 10.1 | ||||
| 20-34 years | 86.8 | 85.3 | ||||
| ≥35 years | 5.9 | 2.6 | ||||
| Nulliparous (%) | 2.3 | 2.6 | 0.44 | |||
| Postmenopausal (%) | 63.2 | 61.0 | 0.23 | |||
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 0.30 | |||||
| Never | 43.8 | 40.6 | ||||
| Former | 9.5 | 12.2 | ||||
| Current | 46.8 | 47.1 | ||||
| Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d) | 6.2 ± 3.2 | 6.0 ± 3.1 | 0.16 | |||
| Energy-adjusted dietary factors | ||||||
| Lycopene intake (μg/d) | 9,359 ± 6,780 | 9,038 ± 6,409 | 0.44 | |||
| Total fiber intake (g/d) | 19.1 ± 5.6 | 19.2 ± 6.2 | 0.84 | |||
| Folate intake (μg/d) | 434 ± 228 | 441 ± 239 | 0.62 | |||
| Saturated fat intake (g/d) | 19.5 ± 5.0 | 19.7 ± 4.7 | 0.52 | |||
| Plasma lycopene (μg/dL) | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 10.3 ± 4.7 | 0.20 | |||
| Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 220 ± 37 | 221 ± 39 | 0.61 | |||
| Plasma β-cryptoxanthin (μg/dL) | 11.4 ± 9.7 | 11.1 ± 8.7 | 0.52 | |||
| Plasma lutein/zeaxanthin (μg/dL) | 19.4 ± 10.5 | 18.5 ± 8.8 | 0.16 | |||
| Plasma α-carotene (μg/dL) | 8.9 ± 8.5 | 8.2 ± 7.5 | 0.19 | |||
| Plasma β-carotene (μg/dL) | 27.1 ± 23.3 | 25.4 ± 22.0 | 0.24 | |||
NOTE: Cases and controls were matched on age and smoking status.