Baseline nutrient and food group intake by quintiles of energy-adjusted glycemic load (GL) in the Women’s Health Study
| Nutrient or food group . | Quintile of energy-adjusted GL . | . | . | . | . | P a . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 . | . | ||||
| Energy (kJ/day) | 7104 ± 2327 | 7340 ± 2268 | 7366 ± 2185 | 7267 ± 2142 | 7028 ± 2239 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fat (g/day) | 69 ± 11 | 63 ± 8 | 58 ± 8 | 54 ± 8 | 46 ± 9 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Protein (g/day) | 89 ± 16 | 85 ± 12 | 82 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | 71 ± 12 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 177 ± 20 | 205 ± 12 | 222 ± 12 | 237 ± 13 | 267 ± 22 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Alcohol (g/day) | 9 ± 14 | 5 ± 7 | 4 ± 6 | 3 ± 5 | 2 ± 4 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fiber (g/day) | 16 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 | 19 ± 5 | 20 ± 6 | 22 ± 8 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Folate (μg/day) | 383 ± 219 | 409 ± 212 | 432 ± 215 | 450 ± 221 | 468 ± 242 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fruits and vegetables (svgb/day) | 5.2 ± 2.9 | 5.8 ± 3.0 | 6.1 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 6.7 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Red meat (svg/day) | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Whole grain (svg/day) | 0.99 ± 0.93 | 1.25 ± 1.03 | 1.46 ± 1.11 | 1.61 ± 1.24 | 1.75 ± 1.46 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Refined grain (svg/day) | 1.81 ± 1.25 | 2.18 ± 1.39 | 2.28 ± 1.41 | 2.33 ± 1.45 | 2.26 ± 1.49 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Total grain (svg/day) | 2.79 ± 1.58 | 3.43 ± 1.74 | 3.74 ± 1.78 | 3.95 ± 1.90 | 4.02 ± 2.04 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Cold cereal (svg/day) | 0.20 ± 0.28 | 0.32 ± 0.32 | 0.38 ± 0.35 | 0.44 ± 0.38 | 0.50 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Dark bread (svg/day) | 0.51 ± 0.66 | 0.64 ± 0.76 | 0.75 ± 0.85 | 0.84 ± 0.94 | 0.90 ± 1.05 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Potatoes (svg/day) | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.32 ± 0.24 | 0.34 ± 0.24 | 0.34 ± 0.25 | 0.34 ± 0.33 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Soft drinks (svg/day) | 0.06 ± 0.19 | 0.09 ± 0.25 | 0.11 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.41 | 0.32 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Nutrient or food group . | Quintile of energy-adjusted GL . | . | . | . | . | P a . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 . | . | ||||
| Energy (kJ/day) | 7104 ± 2327 | 7340 ± 2268 | 7366 ± 2185 | 7267 ± 2142 | 7028 ± 2239 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fat (g/day) | 69 ± 11 | 63 ± 8 | 58 ± 8 | 54 ± 8 | 46 ± 9 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Protein (g/day) | 89 ± 16 | 85 ± 12 | 82 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | 71 ± 12 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 177 ± 20 | 205 ± 12 | 222 ± 12 | 237 ± 13 | 267 ± 22 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Alcohol (g/day) | 9 ± 14 | 5 ± 7 | 4 ± 6 | 3 ± 5 | 2 ± 4 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fiber (g/day) | 16 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 | 19 ± 5 | 20 ± 6 | 22 ± 8 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Folate (μg/day) | 383 ± 219 | 409 ± 212 | 432 ± 215 | 450 ± 221 | 468 ± 242 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Fruits and vegetables (svgb/day) | 5.2 ± 2.9 | 5.8 ± 3.0 | 6.1 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 6.7 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Red meat (svg/day) | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Whole grain (svg/day) | 0.99 ± 0.93 | 1.25 ± 1.03 | 1.46 ± 1.11 | 1.61 ± 1.24 | 1.75 ± 1.46 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Refined grain (svg/day) | 1.81 ± 1.25 | 2.18 ± 1.39 | 2.28 ± 1.41 | 2.33 ± 1.45 | 2.26 ± 1.49 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Total grain (svg/day) | 2.79 ± 1.58 | 3.43 ± 1.74 | 3.74 ± 1.78 | 3.95 ± 1.90 | 4.02 ± 2.04 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Cold cereal (svg/day) | 0.20 ± 0.28 | 0.32 ± 0.32 | 0.38 ± 0.35 | 0.44 ± 0.38 | 0.50 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Dark bread (svg/day) | 0.51 ± 0.66 | 0.64 ± 0.76 | 0.75 ± 0.85 | 0.84 ± 0.94 | 0.90 ± 1.05 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Potatoes (svg/day) | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.32 ± 0.24 | 0.34 ± 0.24 | 0.34 ± 0.25 | 0.34 ± 0.33 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Soft drinks (svg/day) | 0.06 ± 0.19 | 0.09 ± 0.25 | 0.11 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.41 | 0.32 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 | ||||