Exogenous hormone use and breast cancer risk stratified by hormone receptor expression
| First author (reference) . | Country (study) . | Cases (n) . | Risk estimate (95% CI)* . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination oral contraceptives | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Althuis† (28) | United States (WISH) | 1,375 | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | 3.1 (1.6-5.9) | ||||
| Stanford (38) | United States (CASH-GA) | 458 | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 1.2 (0.8-1.8) | ||||
| McTiernan (39) | United States (CASH-WA) | 240 | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | ||||
| Cooper (36) | Australia | 380 | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6) | ||||
| ER+/PR+ | ER−/PR− | |||||||
| Cotterchio (24) | Canada (ON) | 3,276 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | ||||
| McCredie (23) | Melbourne (Australia) | 618 | 1.1 (0.7-1.9) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | ||||
| Britton (29) | United States (WISH) | 1,212 | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) | 1.5 (1.0-2.1) | ||||
| Huang (32) | United States (CBCS) | 783 | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) | 1.1 (0.6-1.9) | ||||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Chlebowski (13) | WHI | 309 | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)CHRT | 1.5 (0.8-2.9)CHRT | ||||
| Cooper (36) | Australia | 380 | 0.9 (0.5-1.4)NS | 1.8 (0.5-2.2)NS | ||||
| Hildreth‡ (42) | United States (CT) | 148 | 0.9 (0.7-1.2)NS | 1.3 (0.9-1.8)NS | ||||
| Stanford (38) | United States (CASH-GA) | 458 | 1.0 (0.7-1.4)NS | 1.0 (0.7-1.3)NS | ||||
| PR+ | PR− | |||||||
| Chlebowski (13) | WHI | 309 | 1.5 (1.1-2.0)CHRT | 1.2 (0.8-1.8)CHRT | ||||
| ER+/PR+ | ER−/PR− | |||||||
| Li (25) | Western WA | 900 | 1.1 (0.8-1.5)ERT | 1.0 (0.6-1.7)ERT | ||||
| 2.0 (1.5-2.7)CHRT | 0.9 (0.5-1.8)CHRT | |||||||
| Huang (32) | United States (CBCS) | 783 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2)NS | 0.6 (0.4-0.9)NS | ||||
| Potter (17) | IWHS | 610 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3)NS | 1.1 (0.7-1.8)NS | ||||
| DES exposure in utero | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Palmer (14) | United States (DES) | 41 | 1.9 (0.8-4.5) | 0.4 (0.1-1.9) | ||||
| First author (reference) . | Country (study) . | Cases (n) . | Risk estimate (95% CI)* . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination oral contraceptives | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Althuis† (28) | United States (WISH) | 1,375 | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | 3.1 (1.6-5.9) | ||||
| Stanford (38) | United States (CASH-GA) | 458 | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 1.2 (0.8-1.8) | ||||
| McTiernan (39) | United States (CASH-WA) | 240 | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | ||||
| Cooper (36) | Australia | 380 | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6) | ||||
| ER+/PR+ | ER−/PR− | |||||||
| Cotterchio (24) | Canada (ON) | 3,276 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | ||||
| McCredie (23) | Melbourne (Australia) | 618 | 1.1 (0.7-1.9) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | ||||
| Britton (29) | United States (WISH) | 1,212 | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) | 1.5 (1.0-2.1) | ||||
| Huang (32) | United States (CBCS) | 783 | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) | 1.1 (0.6-1.9) | ||||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Chlebowski (13) | WHI | 309 | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)CHRT | 1.5 (0.8-2.9)CHRT | ||||
| Cooper (36) | Australia | 380 | 0.9 (0.5-1.4)NS | 1.8 (0.5-2.2)NS | ||||
| Hildreth‡ (42) | United States (CT) | 148 | 0.9 (0.7-1.2)NS | 1.3 (0.9-1.8)NS | ||||
| Stanford (38) | United States (CASH-GA) | 458 | 1.0 (0.7-1.4)NS | 1.0 (0.7-1.3)NS | ||||
| PR+ | PR− | |||||||
| Chlebowski (13) | WHI | 309 | 1.5 (1.1-2.0)CHRT | 1.2 (0.8-1.8)CHRT | ||||
| ER+/PR+ | ER−/PR− | |||||||
| Li (25) | Western WA | 900 | 1.1 (0.8-1.5)ERT | 1.0 (0.6-1.7)ERT | ||||
| 2.0 (1.5-2.7)CHRT | 0.9 (0.5-1.8)CHRT | |||||||
| Huang (32) | United States (CBCS) | 783 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2)NS | 0.6 (0.4-0.9)NS | ||||
| Potter (17) | IWHS | 610 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3)NS | 1.1 (0.7-1.8)NS | ||||
| DES exposure in utero | ||||||||
| ER+ | ER− | |||||||
| Palmer (14) | United States (DES) | 41 | 1.9 (0.8-4.5) | 0.4 (0.1-1.9) | ||||
NOTE: Table excludes Morabia et al. (33), who found that risk associated with oral contraceptive use was similarly elevated for ER+ and ER− breast cancers; however, ORs were not presented in the article.
Ever-users compared with never-users. ERT, estrogen replacement therapy. CHRT, combination hormone replacement therapy; NS, formulation not specified. ORs were the reported risk estimates for case-control studies and RRs for cohort designs.
Among women ages 20-34 years. No significant association was found among women ages 35-54 years: ER+, OR, 1.0 (0.8-1.3); ER−, OR, 1.2 (0.9-1.6).
HRT modeled as a continuous variable; risk was estimated for every 50 mg/mo of use.