Design features of case-control and cohort studies that examine hormone receptors and breast cancer epidemiology
| First author (reference) . | Publication year . | Country (study) . | Study population . | . | . | . | Hormone receptor analysis . | . | % Positive . | . | . | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Age (y)* . | % Postmenopausal . | % Invasive cases . | Cases with tissue analysis (%)† . | Method(s) of detection . | Criteria for positivity . | ER+ . | PR+ . | ER+/PR+ . | |||||||||||
| Prospective studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colditz (12) | 2004 | United States (NHS) | 30-55 (BL) | NS | 100 | 2,096 (74) | DCC, IHC | NS | 76 | 65 | 61 | |||||||||||
| Chlebowski (RCT; ref. 13) | 2003 | United States (WHI) | 50-79 | 100 | 100 | 309 (89) | MR | NS | 87 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Palmer (14) | 2002 | United States (DES) | 25med | NS | 75 | 41 (71) | MR | NS | 83 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Sellers (15, 16) | 2002 | United States (IWHS) | 55-69 (BL) | 100 | 88 | 1,355 (72) | MR | (+) or borderline (+) | 82 | 73 | — | |||||||||||
| Potter (17), Tutera (18) Gapstur (19) | 1995 | United States (IWHS) | 55-69 (BL) | 100 | 94 | 610 (65) | MR | (+) or borderline (+) | — | — | 68 | |||||||||||
| London (20) | 1989 | United States (NHS) | 30-55 (BL) | NS | NS | 890 (61) | MR | NS | 65 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Retrospective cohort studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Manjer (21) | 2001 | Sweden | 57m | 60 (BL) | 100 | 267 (90) | IHC | NS | 70 | 45 | 39 | |||||||||||
| Wohlfahrt (22) | 1999 | Denmark (DBCG) | 45m | NS | 100 | 6,044 (56) | IHC | ≥10 fmol/mg or ≥10% | 68 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Population-based case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| McCredie (23) | 2004 | Melbourne (Australia) | <40 | 0 | 100 | 618 (81) | DCC, IHC | NS | 58 | 65 | 53 | |||||||||||
| Cotterchio (24) | 2003 | Canada (ON) | 25-74 | 68 | 100 | 3,276 (87) | DCC, IHC | DCC:≥10 fmol/mg | — | — | 56 | |||||||||||
| Li (25) | 2003 | Western WA | 65-79 | 100 | 100 | 900 (92) | MR | NS | — | — | 72 | |||||||||||
| Baumgartner (26) | 2003 | United States (NM) | 30-74 | 63 | NS | 624 (77) | MR | NS | — | — | 46 | |||||||||||
| Zhu (27) | 2003 | United States (TN) | ≥20 | 57 | NS | 281 (92) | IHC | NS | 54 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Althuis (28) | 2003 | United States (WISH) | 20-54 | 0 | 85 | 1,375 (79) | MR, DCC | (+) or borderline (+), NS | 63 | 61 | 52 | |||||||||||
| Britton (29) | 2002 | United States (WISH) | 20-44 | 12 | 86 | 1,212 (78) | MR, DCC | (+) or borderline (+), NS | — | — | 51 | |||||||||||
| Enger‡ (30, 31) | 2000, 1999 | United States (LA County) | <41 | 0 | NS | 424 (59) | MR, ∼85% DCC | NS | — | — | 49 | |||||||||||
| Enger‡ (30, 31) | 2000, 1999 | United States (LA County) | 55-64 | 100 | NS | 760 (66) | MR, ∼85% DCC | NS | — | — | 59 | |||||||||||
| Huang (32) | 2000 | United States (CBCS) | 20-74 | 50 | 100 | 783 (91) | MR, primarily IHC | PE range: >0% to >20%; FR range: ≥10-15 fmol/mg | — | — | 53 | |||||||||||
| Morabia (33) | 1998 | Switzerland | <75 | 60 | 100 | 242 (92) | DCC, IHC | ≥10 fmol/mg or ≥20% | 75 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Nasca (34) | 1994 | United States (NY) | 20-79 | 63 | 88 | 1,152 (75) | MR | (+): ≥10 fmol/mg; (−): ≤3 fmol/mg; borderline: 4-9 fmol/mg | 69 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Kreiger (35) | 1991 | Canada (ON) | 20-69 | 59 | NS | 528 (87) | MR | ≥10 fmol/mg | 67 | 55 | — | |||||||||||
| Cooper (36) | 1989 | Australia | 20-74 | 63 | NS | 380 (84) | DCC | ≥10 fmol/mg | 67 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Hislop (37) | 1986 | Canada (BC) | <70 | 62 | NS | 512 (>80) | MR | ≥3 fmol/mg or ≥20% | 67 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Stanford§ (38) | 1987 | United States (CASH-GA) | 20-54 | 38 | NS | 458 (82) | MR, DCC | (+) | 45 | — | — | |||||||||||
| McTiernan§ (39) | 1986 | United States (CASH-WA) | 20-54 | 38 | NS | 240 (73) | MR, DCC | ≥7 fmol/mg | 60 | 60 | 49 | |||||||||||
| Hospital-based case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yoo (40, 41) | 2001, 1997 | Japan | 25+ | NS | 100 | 455 (39) | DCC, IHC | DCC:≥10 fmol/mg | 64 | 44 | 39 | |||||||||||
| Hildreth (42) | 1983 | United States (CT) | 45-74 | 100 | NS | 148 (72) | DCC | ≥30 fmol/mg | 70 | — | — | |||||||||||
| First author (reference) . | Publication year . | Country (study) . | Study population . | . | . | . | Hormone receptor analysis . | . | % Positive . | . | . | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Age (y)* . | % Postmenopausal . | % Invasive cases . | Cases with tissue analysis (%)† . | Method(s) of detection . | Criteria for positivity . | ER+ . | PR+ . | ER+/PR+ . | |||||||||||
| Prospective studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colditz (12) | 2004 | United States (NHS) | 30-55 (BL) | NS | 100 | 2,096 (74) | DCC, IHC | NS | 76 | 65 | 61 | |||||||||||
| Chlebowski (RCT; ref. 13) | 2003 | United States (WHI) | 50-79 | 100 | 100 | 309 (89) | MR | NS | 87 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Palmer (14) | 2002 | United States (DES) | 25med | NS | 75 | 41 (71) | MR | NS | 83 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Sellers (15, 16) | 2002 | United States (IWHS) | 55-69 (BL) | 100 | 88 | 1,355 (72) | MR | (+) or borderline (+) | 82 | 73 | — | |||||||||||
| Potter (17), Tutera (18) Gapstur (19) | 1995 | United States (IWHS) | 55-69 (BL) | 100 | 94 | 610 (65) | MR | (+) or borderline (+) | — | — | 68 | |||||||||||
| London (20) | 1989 | United States (NHS) | 30-55 (BL) | NS | NS | 890 (61) | MR | NS | 65 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Retrospective cohort studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Manjer (21) | 2001 | Sweden | 57m | 60 (BL) | 100 | 267 (90) | IHC | NS | 70 | 45 | 39 | |||||||||||
| Wohlfahrt (22) | 1999 | Denmark (DBCG) | 45m | NS | 100 | 6,044 (56) | IHC | ≥10 fmol/mg or ≥10% | 68 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Population-based case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| McCredie (23) | 2004 | Melbourne (Australia) | <40 | 0 | 100 | 618 (81) | DCC, IHC | NS | 58 | 65 | 53 | |||||||||||
| Cotterchio (24) | 2003 | Canada (ON) | 25-74 | 68 | 100 | 3,276 (87) | DCC, IHC | DCC:≥10 fmol/mg | — | — | 56 | |||||||||||
| Li (25) | 2003 | Western WA | 65-79 | 100 | 100 | 900 (92) | MR | NS | — | — | 72 | |||||||||||
| Baumgartner (26) | 2003 | United States (NM) | 30-74 | 63 | NS | 624 (77) | MR | NS | — | — | 46 | |||||||||||
| Zhu (27) | 2003 | United States (TN) | ≥20 | 57 | NS | 281 (92) | IHC | NS | 54 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Althuis (28) | 2003 | United States (WISH) | 20-54 | 0 | 85 | 1,375 (79) | MR, DCC | (+) or borderline (+), NS | 63 | 61 | 52 | |||||||||||
| Britton (29) | 2002 | United States (WISH) | 20-44 | 12 | 86 | 1,212 (78) | MR, DCC | (+) or borderline (+), NS | — | — | 51 | |||||||||||
| Enger‡ (30, 31) | 2000, 1999 | United States (LA County) | <41 | 0 | NS | 424 (59) | MR, ∼85% DCC | NS | — | — | 49 | |||||||||||
| Enger‡ (30, 31) | 2000, 1999 | United States (LA County) | 55-64 | 100 | NS | 760 (66) | MR, ∼85% DCC | NS | — | — | 59 | |||||||||||
| Huang (32) | 2000 | United States (CBCS) | 20-74 | 50 | 100 | 783 (91) | MR, primarily IHC | PE range: >0% to >20%; FR range: ≥10-15 fmol/mg | — | — | 53 | |||||||||||
| Morabia (33) | 1998 | Switzerland | <75 | 60 | 100 | 242 (92) | DCC, IHC | ≥10 fmol/mg or ≥20% | 75 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Nasca (34) | 1994 | United States (NY) | 20-79 | 63 | 88 | 1,152 (75) | MR | (+): ≥10 fmol/mg; (−): ≤3 fmol/mg; borderline: 4-9 fmol/mg | 69 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Kreiger (35) | 1991 | Canada (ON) | 20-69 | 59 | NS | 528 (87) | MR | ≥10 fmol/mg | 67 | 55 | — | |||||||||||
| Cooper (36) | 1989 | Australia | 20-74 | 63 | NS | 380 (84) | DCC | ≥10 fmol/mg | 67 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Hislop (37) | 1986 | Canada (BC) | <70 | 62 | NS | 512 (>80) | MR | ≥3 fmol/mg or ≥20% | 67 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Stanford§ (38) | 1987 | United States (CASH-GA) | 20-54 | 38 | NS | 458 (82) | MR, DCC | (+) | 45 | — | — | |||||||||||
| McTiernan§ (39) | 1986 | United States (CASH-WA) | 20-54 | 38 | NS | 240 (73) | MR, DCC | ≥7 fmol/mg | 60 | 60 | 49 | |||||||||||
| Hospital-based case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yoo (40, 41) | 2001, 1997 | Japan | 25+ | NS | 100 | 455 (39) | DCC, IHC | DCC:≥10 fmol/mg | 64 | 44 | 39 | |||||||||||
| Hildreth (42) | 1983 | United States (CT) | 45-74 | 100 | NS | 148 (72) | DCC | ≥30 fmol/mg | 70 | — | — | |||||||||||
NOTE: WHI, Women's Health Initiative; RCT, randomized clinical trial; DES, diethylstilbestrol; IWHS, Iowa Women's Health Study; NHS, Nurses' Health Study; DBCG, Danish Breast Cancer Group; WISH, Women's Interview Study of Health; CBCS, Carolina Breast Cancer Study; CASH, Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study; MR, abstracted from medical records and assay method not specified; fmol/mg, receptor protein concentration per total protein; %, the proportion of stained cells required for positivity; PE, paraffin-embedded tissue; FR, frozen tissue; NS, not specified.
Age at enrollment, which when specified is age at baseline (BL) for cohort studies. m, mean; med, median age at diagnosis/interview.
Among total breast cancer cases enrolled, the proportion that had successful completion of tissue analysis for receptor expression.
Enger et al. (1999 and 2000) present data from two case-control studies: one of premenopausal women and the other of postmenopausal women.
Proportion of postmenopausal cases based on study population from all sites (Centers for Disease Control Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study; ref. 52).