Title Page

Title. Write a brief, informative title. Abbreviations should not be used in titles. It is important for literature retrieval to include in the title the key words that identify the nature of the subject matter, including, if applicable, the species on which the work is done.

Authors and affiliations. Authors are urged to include their full names, complete with first and middle names or initials. Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations of institution or company affiliations at the time the work was completed should be given for all authors. Departments, units, or laboratories should also be specified. If several institutions are listed on a manuscript, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated by using corresponding superscript numbers.

Running title. A brief running title of no more than 60 characters should be provided. Choose the running title carefully, as it will be used in electronic alerting services and some mobile device applications. Abbreviations may be used in the running title.

Additional information. Include the following notes on the title page (if applicable) in this order:

• Full name, mailing address, and email address of the corresponding author
• A conflict of interest disclosure statement; additional information is available at this link: Conflict of Interest Policy
• Other notes about the manuscript as a whole, including the word count, and the total number of figures and tables Please note that, authors who substantially exceed the word limit given for the type of article (see specific instructions for each journal) may have their manuscript returned.
  For Clinical Cancer Research only, a 150-word statement of translational relevance describing how the results might be applied to the future practice of cancer medicine, should be provided on a page between the title page and abstract.

Abstract

The abstract must be concise, yet should accurately outline the content of the manuscript (see the links at the top of this page for abstract length requirements for each type of article). Because these abstracts are used by secondary services (e.g., MEDLINE, Chemical Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus), they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and data interpretations. Data such as the number of test subjects and controls, strains of animals or viruses, drug dosages and routes of administration, tumor yields and latent periods, length of observation period, and magnitude of activity should be included. Vague, general statements such as "The significance of the results is discussed" or "Some physical properties were studied" should be avoided. Important terms relevant to the content of the manuscript should be incorporated into the abstract to assist indexers and searchers. Abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum; however, if they are needed, they must be explained at first mention within the abstract so that it can be understood as an independent unit from the remainder of the manuscript. Do not cite references in the abstract.

Introduction

The introduction should provide a brief overview of the background and rationale for the study. It is not necessary to cite all of the background literature in the introduction. Brief reference to the most pertinent articles generally suffices to acquaint the reader with the findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that the investigation addresses.

Materials and Methods

Explanation of the experimental methods should be adequate for repetition by qualified investigators. Authors are encouraged to publish the step-by-step protocol(s) used in their study at protocols.io and then include the unique digital object identifier(s) (DOI) in the Materials and Methods. Please see Improving Reproducibility for more information.

Procedures that have been fully described in detail in a previous publication need not be described in detail but rather cited with appropriate references and details of any modifications to the procedure. New procedures and substantially modified previously published procedures must be described in detail.

If any experiments or analyses were outsourced to an institutional core facility or external service provider, this must be stated in the Materials and Methods along with the name of the provider. If possible, the methodological details of the work conducted by the provider should be included in the manuscript, or a suitable reference cited.

The sources of all reagents and tools used should be provided. Any commercial product that is mentioned should include the name of the manufacturer and catalog number. Authors are strongly encouraged to include a unique searchable Research Resource Identifier (RRID), as assigned by the Resource Identification Initiative, for each relevant reagent, tool, and core facility used. Please see Improving Reproducibility for more information. If statistical analysis was performed as part of the study, please include a Statistical Analysis subsection. A Data Availability Statement must be present at the end of the Materials and Methods in a "Data Availability" subsection.

Results

Include a concise summary of the data presented in all display items (figures and tables). Excessive elaboration of data shown in display items should be avoided.

Discussion

The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider implications of the findings is encouraged.

Acknowledgments

Include funding information and the names of others contributing to the work who are not identified as authors. This should include any people, services, or generative artificial intelligence technologies that contributed to the generation of the manuscript.

References

Number the references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite only the number assigned to the reference. The reference list should be limited to only those citations essential to the presentation. Before submission of the manuscript, authors should verify the accuracy of all references and check that all references have been cited in the text. For manuscripts with more than 6 authors, the names of the first 6 authors must be listed, followed by "et al." For manuscripts with 6 or fewer authors, all authors should be listed. Please note that although example references are shown below, a manuscript’s references need not be formatted according to journal style prior to submission.

Data were generated by the authors and deposited in a repository

The data generated in this study are publicly available in [repository name(s)] at [list one or more hyperlinked codes].

Examples:
The data generated in this study are publicly available in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at GSE158739 and GSE158812.

The data generated in this study are publicly available in Genbank at MT006230 and in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at GSE144569.

Data were generated by the authors and available on request (permitted only for data types for which a community-recognized, structured repository does not exist)

The data generated in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Data were generated by the authors and included in the article

The data generated in this study are available within the article and its supplementary data files.

Note: This statement is only appropriate if the raw data is available in the article or supplementary data files. Plots of data (even individual data points), images displayed in figures, or summary tabular data do not qualify as data included in the article. In these cases, the authors should instead state whether the raw data is available in a suitable repository or on request from the corresponding author.

Raw data were generated in a core facility (and may be unavailable) but processed data are available from the authors

Raw data for this study were generated at [facility name]. Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Data were generated by the authors but are not publicly available for declared legitimate reason(s)

The data generated in this study are not publicly available due to [describe reasons for restriction such as information that could compromise patient privacy or consent] but are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Publicly available data generated by others were used by the authors

The data analyzed in this study were obtained from [repository name(s)] at [list one or more hyperlinked codes or urls].

The data that support the findings of this study are available in [repository name(s)] at [list one or more hyperlinked codes]. These data were derived from the following public domain resources: [list resources and hyperlinked codes]

Examples:
The data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at GSE22396, GSE124857, and GSE124731.

The data analyzed in this study were obtained from figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12280541.v4.

Data generated by others were used under license by the authors

The data analyzed in this study are available from [third party name]. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study. Data are available from the authors upon reasonable request with the permission of [third party name].

No data was generated or analyzed in the reported study

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no data were created or analyzed in this study.

Examples of Combined Data Availability Statements

The data generated in this study are available within the article and its supplementary data files. Expression profile data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at GSE22396, GSE124857, and GSE124731.

The sequence data generated in this study are publicly available in Genbank at MT006230, in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at GSE144569, and within the article and its supplementary data files. The data from the Broad Institute’s Cancer Dependency Map project that were analyzed in this study were obtained from figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12280541.v4.

The human sequence data generated in this study are not publicly available due to patient privacy requirements but are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. Other data generated in this study are available within the article and its supplementary data files.

Tables

A summary of the data should be provided in the text with a callout to the table. Tabular data should not duplicate data already presented in detail in the text. Unnecessary columns of data that can easily be derived from other data in the table should not be included. Large groups of individual values should be avoided; instead, these should be averaged and an appropriate designation of the dispersion, such as standard deviation or standard error, should be included. Authors are obligated to indicate the significance of their observations by appropriate statistical analysis.

Every table must have a descriptive title and enough explanatory information so the reader can understand the data without reference to the text. Table titles should be short and to the point and should generally not include references. Each column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given, the units should be given with the column heading. Number tables using Arabic numerals; table footnotes should be indicated with lower-case alphabetical letters: a, b, c, etc. Include a note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table that have not been used in the text are explained. Complex or large tables should be uploaded in a tabular data file format as supplementary data.

Tables should not be included as part of a figure. Authors are discouraged from submitting tables that have been previously published, even with permission.

Figures

Please see Statistics and Images for important editorial policy information related to figures. Figures should be used when salient points need illustration for better comprehension by the reader. Figures must be submitted in their final design and color format. All figures that the author intends to have printed in black and white should be supplied in this format so that editors and reviewers can properly evaluate the presentation of the data. For initial submission only, figures may be supplied in pdf, jpg or Word document format and should be on the same page as the legend, either at the end of the manuscript file or embedded in the text near the figure callout. See File Types for details on the allowable file types for revised manuscripts.

Each figure must be accompanied by a figure legend consisting of a short title sentence followed by a description of the figure and the data shown. If the figure consists of multiple panels, each panel should be labeled and described in the legend. Figure legends must include the number of technical and biological replicates performed for the experiment(s) depicted. Legends should not repeat details present in the main text and should generally not include references. Stains and original magnifications should be listed where applicable. Define all symbols and adequately identify all parts of the figure necessary for interpretation. Abbreviations explained in the main text of the manuscript need not be redefined in the figure legend.

Figures must be cited and numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. For revised submissions, all figure legends should be listed together in one section (Figure Legends) directly preceding the appearance of the figures in the manuscript. Ensure that both legends and figures are numbered and match up appropriately.

When graphs are reduced to the size of a single column (7.94 cm / 3.125 in), the text in the graph must be no smaller than 6 pt and no larger than 12 pt, and all symbols must be discernible. In the published form, the minimum thickness of lines (rules) used to present drawn art is 0.5 point. If a drawn image will be reduced in size for publication, the lines used to draw the original art must be thick enough to be reduced and still meet the minimum requirement. Lines thinner than 0.5 point thickness may be completely lost if an image is reduced in size.

Best practices for choice of graph type

• Reserve bar charts for presentation of data such as counts and lengths.
• Use a line graph to display and connect related data points and a bar graph for unrelated data points.
• Sample data is best displayed by plotting individual data points when sample numbers are small. Use a box plot, violin plot, or bean plot for larger sample sizes and to show data distributions. See Statistics for guidelines on sample sizes. A free tool for plotting sample data and generating an EPS file for incorporation into figures is available at http://boxplot.tyerslab.com.
• A pie chart is effective for showing data trends, but, if it is important to provide quantitative comparisons, a bar graph may be preferable.

Best practices for graph design

• Avoid the use of patterned fills. These add visual clutter and impede interpretation. Use black, up to four shades of gray, and white to provide six alternative encodings; or use color if more encodings are required.
• Always use distinct colors and avoid the use of red and green for contrast.
• Avoid background shading.
• Display only the left and bottom axes unless a top and/or right axis is absolutely necessary.
• Axes labels should not extend beyond the axes lines and must include the name and units of the parameter measured.
• Consider whether related data plotted in multiple graphs can and should be shown in a single graph.
• Remove unnecessary tick marks and grid lines. Use grid lines only when necessary and make sure they have substantially less visual prominence than the data and axes lines.
• Avoid axes breaks. These can mask important differences in the data.
• Open symbols, particularly circles, are most appropriate for plotting high-density data points that overlap.

Best practices for images

• When images are related to one another or should be compared, group them together with narrow bands of white space between them. If the image background is close to white, use lines for separation.
• Symbols, arrows, letters, and scale bars overlying the image should strongly contrast with the background so as to be clearly visible and are best provided on a separate layer from the underlying image in a layered image file.
• Single channel fluorescence images are best displayed in grayscale so that intensity differences can be discerned more accurately. Avoid the use of red, which is particularly problematic in this regard.

Figures should be original. Authors are discouraged from submitting figures that have been previously published, even with permission. If use of a previously published figure is necessary, the author must apply for written permission from the copyright holder and supply confirmation of the permission grant before publication.