Phase II Study of Cetuximab in Combination with Cisplatin and Radiation in Unresectable, Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E3303

Conventional chemoradiation (CRT) for locally or regionally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCCHN) results in 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates of only approximately 35% (1–3). The addition of high-dose cisplatin (100 mg/m²) every 3 weeks to definitive radiaotherapy improves long-term survival but at the expense of increased toxicity (4–9). Relapse has historically been predominantly locoregional.

Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody recognizing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular domain, has demonstrated synergy with radiotherapy and platinum in SCCHN xenograft models (10–21). Cetuximab with radiotherapy improved locoregional control and survival compared with radiotherapy alone (22, 23). When this study was undertaken, only one reported phase II study incorporated cetuximab into a concomitant boost head and neck radiation regimen with concurrent cisplatin (24). In 21 patients treated for locally advanced SCCHN (LA-SCCHN), Pfister and colleagues reported promising results: 3-year PFS of 56%, 3-year locoregional control rate of 71%, and 3-year overall survival (OS) of 76%. However, an unexpected rate of unattributable deaths and grade 4 adverse events led to early closure of this study.

In this study, we sought to avoid the possibility of greater toxicity and need for radiotherapy interruptions by grafting cetuximab onto once daily radiotherapy and a lower dose of cisplatin. To test the feasibility of maintenance cetuximab, we continued this agent post CRT for 6 to 12 months. We chose this study design to provide an estimate of treatment activity in this poor prognosis patient group and to mirror the EXTREME trial for recurrent/metastatic SCCHN (25), which used cetuximab maintenance therapy and was ongoing at the time this study was undertaken. We measured tumor and blood molecular characteristics hypothesized to impact response and tested associations with response to treatment.

Eligibility for this phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trial E3303 (NCT00096174 ClinicalTrials.gov) stipulated pathologically confirmed stage IV, unresectable LA-SCCHN (excluding nasopharynx, paranasal sinus, parotid gland). Criteria for unresectable disease are provided in Supplementary Table S1. Eligibility also required ECOG performance status (PS) of 0–1 and adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function. Exclusion criteria included preexisting cardiac or respiratory conditions precluding treatment; pregnancy or lactation; prior, unrelated malignancy within 3 years; and any prior treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, EGFR-targeting agents or chimerized/murine monoclonal antibody. Tissue and blood collection was not mandatory.

Supplemental Figure S1 illustrates the study schema. The loading dose of cetuximab was 400 mg/m² i.v. over 2 hours on day 1. Beginning day 8, cetuximab 250 mg/m² i.v. over 1 hour was administered weekly for 8 weeks. Concurrent radiotherapy was initiated on day 15, simultaneous with cisplatin 75 mg/m² i.v. over 60 minutes every 3 weeks (days 15, 36, and 57). Routine premedication included a 5-HT antagonist and dexamethasone. Cetuximab was administered before concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. After response evaluation and before cetuximab maintenance therapy, patients achieving a complete response (CR) who presented with N2 or N3 disease were considered for elective neck dissection. Allowed dose modifications are described in Supplementary Materials and Methods.

The prescribed dose was 70 Gy (1.8-2 Gy daily for 35 fractions over 7 weeks). A sequential cone-down prescription was used defining three separate dose planned target volumes (PTV; PTV50, PTV60, PTV70). Two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy planning was permitted.

For 2D techniques, +7% and −5% of the prescription dose point variation in the PTV were permitted. For 3D planning, ≤20% of the PTV was to receive >110% of the prescribed dose. No more than 1% of any PTV was to receive <93% of the prescribed dose. No more than 1% or 1cc of the tissue outside of the PTVs was to receive >110% of the prescribed dose. Standard immobilization techniques and chemotherapy treatment planning were mandated. Normal organs at risk for injury within the treated volume were contoured with standard constraints.

Radiation quality assurance was conducted by the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC). For intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), the institution was required to have completed QARC benchmarks (www.QARC.org). Two separate reviews were conducted for each patient: a rapid review within 3 days of the radiotherapy start to provide feedback and facilitate protocol compliance; and a second review at the completion of radiotherapy conducted by the radiation oncology co-chair of the study (HQ).

After completion of concurrent CRT, weekly cetuximab was continued for a minimum of 6 months and permitted for 12 months in patients with no evidence of disease progression (PD) or untoward toxicity. Protocol therapy was halted for PD, withdrawal of consent, unacceptable toxicity, or medical comorbidity prohibiting further treatment.

Cetuximab was given weekly without interruption. Cisplatin was withheld if absolute neutrophil count was <1,500/mm³, platelets <100,000/mm³, or creatinine >1.5 mg/dL. For renal insufficiency, carboplatin at an AUC of 5 could be substituted for cisplatin on days 36 and 57. In the event of grade IV mucositis, radiotherapy could be interrupted for 3 to 5 days until resolution to grade III. Maximum radiation treatment break could not exceed 7 days.

Response was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria version 1.1 modified for head and neck cancer (Supplementary Table S2). Specifically, PD was monitored separately for the primary tumor and nodes. PFS, OS, and time to locoregional failure were as defined in Supplementary Materials and Methods. Toxicities were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), Version 3.0.

The primary endpoint was 2-year PFS rate. Secondary endpoints included OS, response rate, and toxicity. Sample size calculation was based on the hypothesis that the addition of cetuximab would increase 2-year PFS rate from 35% to 50%. We posited that if at least 27 of 62 eligible patients were alive and free from progression at 2 years, the study regimen would warrant further development based on the one-sample one-sided exact binomial test of 0.35 (null hypothesis) versus 0.50 (target PFS rate). The null hypothesis was based on the observed 2-year disease control rate of 0.35 for the cisplatin plus radiotherapy treatment arm of ECOG study E1392 (4, 26). This included type I and II error rates of 0.10 and 0.13, respectively. We projected a 10% ineligibility rate; 68 patients were targeted for accrual.

Tissue microarrays (TMA) were constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor biopsy tissues. Of note, 0.6 mm cores were extracted from each tumor block in quadruplicate and arrayed on a recipient paraffin block. Cases received as tissue cores were embedded in a common block.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was assessed by in situ hybridization (ISH) using an HPV pan-specific DNA probe (Biotinylated Wide Spectrum HPV DNA Probe Cocktail, Dako), recognizing HPV subtypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, and 52. Tumors with punctuate nuclear staining were scored HPV-positive, as previously described (27).

EGFR FISH analysis utilized the dual-color EGFR SpectrumOrange/CEP7 SpectrumGreen probe (Vysis). EGFR-FISH-positive tumors had >4 gene copies in >40% of cells, >15 gene copies in >10% of cells, or a gene:chromosome ratio >2, as previously described (28).

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was evaluated for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16; G175-405, 1:200, BD PharMingen), EGFR IHC (clone H11 antibody, 1:500, Dako), C-MET (MET; SC-10, 1:150, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), XPF (SPM228, AbCam), or ERCC1 (FL297, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) P16 tumor status was assessed by IHC staining with the monoclonal antibody clone G175-405 (1:200, BD PharMingen) and EGFR IHC staining was performed as previously described (29). Signal amplification was performed using a proprietary micropolymer peroxidase (ImmPRESS, Vector) conjugated to an anti-mouse antibody. MET tumor levels were assessed by IHC using anti-MET antibody followed by incubation with Mach4 Universal HRP-polymer (Biocare Medical). For p16, EGFR and MET staining immunoreactive cells were visualized with the brown color resulting from incubation with diaminobenzidine chromogenic substrate. Sections were counterstained blue with hematoxylin and lithium carbonate to provide morphologic detail.

For XPF and ERCC1 IHC staining, primary antibody detection was done using renaissance TSATM (Tyramide Signal Amplification) Biotin System (PerkinElmer). Hematoxylin (Vector lab) was used as nuclear counterstain. Signal intensity found in tumor tissue was scored by a pathologist on an integer scale from 0 (no intensity) to 3+ (strong intensity).

IHC staining intensities were evaluated semiquantitatively, and an IHC Score was calculated by multiplying the percent tumor stained by the intensity of the staining (integer scale of 0 to +3). IHC scores were averaged for replicate cores to obtain the final IHC score for each tumor. The median IHC scores for EGFR and MET defined high versus low staining tumors. An IHC score of at least 210 was used to define p16-positive tumors.

Tumor protein levels of ERCC1 and XPF were determined using quantitative in situ methods previously described (30). TMA sections were stained by a modified indirect immunofluorescence method. Briefly, sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a graded series of ethanol. The sections were subjected to antigen retrieval by boiling in Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating the slides in 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 15 minutes. After blocking nonspecific reaction with blocking reagent (Background Sniper, Biocare Medical, Cat.# BS966) for 30 minutes, the sections were incubated overnight with ERCC1 antibody (1:5000, Sigma, Cat.# HPA0297731) or XPF (1:3000, Neomarkers, Cat.# MS-1381-P) and pan-cytokeratin (tumor mask) in antibody diluent (Da Vinci Green, Biocare Medical, PD900) at 4°C overnight. The pan-cytokeratin was probed with an Alexa Fluor 555-labeled secondary antibody (Invitrogen). The primary antibodies were targeted with Envision reagents (DAKO). Target amplification and visualization was accomplished using a Cy-5-tyramide signal amplification system (TSA, PerkinElmer, Cat. AT705A). Prolong Gold mounting medium (P36931; Molecular Probes/Life Technologies) containing 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to stain tissue nuclei.

Automated image capture was performed by PM-2000 (HistoRx) using the AQUAsition software. High-resolution monochromatic digital images of the cytokeratin staining visualized with AF555, DAPI, and target staining with Cy5 were captured and saved for every tumor histospot on the arrays. Target expression was quantified by calculating Cy5 fluorescent signal intensity. An automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) score was generated by dividing the sum of target signals within the tumor mask. AQUA scores were normalized to the exposure time and bit depth at which the images were captured, allowing scores collected at different exposure times to be compared directly. Data were analyzed on the basis of the median cut point for nuclear staining of XPF and ERCC1.

Custom Searchlight (Thermo Scientific) multiplex or singleplex ELISAs were used to quantify EGFR, EGF, TGF-α, amphiregulin (AR), epiregulin (EPI), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IL6, IL8, and VEGF serum levels in duplicate. A custom 3-plex assay for EGF, HGF, and VEGF, a custom multiplex assay for TGF-α, AR, and IL6, and single-plex assays for EGFR, EPI, and HB-EGF were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples with undetectable analyte were defined as having a level of one-half the limit of assay detection for statistical analyses.

PFS was defined as time from registration to first documentation of PD or to death without PD. If date of death was >3 months after date of last disease assessment, the patient was censored at the time of last disease assessment. Patients without documented progression were censored at the time they were last known to be free of progression. OS was defined as time from registration to death from any cause. Patients who were alive at the time of analysis were censored at the date last known alive. Time to locoregional failure was defined as the time from study registration to loco (L), regional (R), or loco-regional (L/R) disease progression, censored at the date of last disease assessment for those who did not have L, R, or L/R disease progression.

Exact binomial 90% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for the objective response rate (CR plus partial response rate). PFS and OS time-to-event distributions were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier Method and compared using log-rank tests. For continuous variables, two classification groups were defined by the median biomarker level except for p16, which used 210 as the cutoff point. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models evaluated marker effect on time-to-event distributions. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ECOG PS, weight loss within 6 months before enrollment, tumor site, and smoking history. Associations between markers were evaluated using Fisher exact tests. Eligible patients who started protocol treatment and provided written consent to laboratory studies were included in the marker analysis. No multiple comparisons adjustment was made due to the exploratory nature of the marker analysis. P values were two sided and considered statistically significant if <0.05.

Sixty-nine patients were accrued between December 2004 and July 2006. Among those who started treatment, 6 were deemed ineligible. Three patients who never started protocol treatment were also ineligible. All outcome analyses were based on 60 eligible and treated patients, with the exception of toxicity analysis, which included all 66 treated patients.

As shown in Table 1, eligible and treated patients were mostly male with a smoking history. Oropharynx was the predominant primary site, and most patients had N2 or N3 disease. All patients but one had tumors with squamous cell carcinoma histology; one laryngeal tumor had non–small cell carcinoma histology, which in the absence of a pulmonary primary met inclusion criteria.

The median administered radiotherapy dose was 70 Gy; 5 patients (8%) received <50 Gy. Two patients received total doses of 50 and 52 Gy, respectively; 53 patients (88%) received 66-74 Gy. Fifty-six patients (93%) received cisplatin during concurrent treatment. Carboplatin was substituted for cisplatin on days 36 and/or 57 because of toxicity in 3 patients (5%). One patient was removed from protocol before the first dose of cisplatin because of PD during the cetuximab run-in. Among all 60 eligible and treated patients, the majority received all three scheduled doses of platinum (Table 2). Fifty-four patients (90%) were able to complete the first 9 weeks of cetuximab per protocol. Of 59 eligible and treated patients with maintenance cetuximab data, 44 (75%) received maintenance therapy. Median maintenance duration was 5.5 months. Twenty-three (39%) received at least 6 months of maintenance; 8 (14%) received a full year of maintenance therapy.

Table 2 summarizes the disposition of all 60 eligible and treated patients. Nine (15%) stopped treatment because of PD with a median time to progression of 6.9 months. Thirty patients (50%) stopped therapy for either toxicity (25%) or withdrawal of consent (25%); 8 patients stopped during cetuximab maintenance therapy, most commonly because of cutaneous toxicity.

Grade 2-4 treatment-attributable toxicities for 66 treated patients are summarized in Table 3. A single grade 5 event was attributed to neutropenic fever and pulmonary infection. A second patient experienced sudden death in the absence of obvious toxicity; this was not attributed to treatment. Four additional treatment-unrelated deaths were attributed to the following causes: systemic deterioration with multiorgan failure, death cause not specified, cardiac ischemia, and disease progression. Seventeen patients (26%) sustained grade 4 worst toxicity, most commonly neutropenia. Forty-six patients (70%) had at least one grade 3 nonhematologic toxicity; the most common grade 3 toxicities included mucositis, dysphagia, and anorexia.

Among 60 eligible and treated patients, 54 were evaluable. Of these, 67% (95% CI, 55%–77%) experienced an objective response (Table 2). Three patients (5%) experienced PD as the best overall response. Six patients (10%) were unevaluable: 4 did not have a follow-up measurement and 2 were evaluated using an alternative method. Sixteen patients underwent neck dissection: 15 had N2 and 1 had N3 stage disease at diagnosis. Pathologic nodal involvement was detected in 5 of 15 patients who presented initially with N2 disease; the patient with N3 disease at presentation had a negative neck dissection. Figure 1A displays the Kaplan–Meier estimate of PFS. Median PFS for all 60 analyzable patients was 19.4 months (95% CI, 14.4–∞).

We posited that if at least 27 of 62 eligible patients were alive and free from progression at 2 years, the study regimen would warrant further development. Among 60 eligible and treated patients, 39 patients were alive at 2 years after registration. For those with follow-up evaluations at 2 years, 28 patients were progression free (20 with documented clinical evidence and 8 with undocumented clinical evidence). Thus, the total number of patients alive and progression free at 2 years met the minimum criterion of 27. The 2-year PFS rate was 47% (95% CI, 33%–61%). PFS rate details are provided in Table 2. This study was designed using a one-sided type I error rate of 10% for 2-year PFS rate, this error rate corresponded to an 80% CI of 2-year PFS rate of 38% to 56% with a two-sided test. Thus, the null hypothesis of 35% 2-year PFS was rejected. Although the study was not powered to detect such differences, neither sex nor race had any effect on PFS. Of 60 analyzable patients, 39 (65%) were still alive ≥2 years after registration.

Twenty-five patients (42%) experienced PD. In 14 (23%) distant relapse was the first event, whereas 4 others (7%) experienced distant progression synchronously with local or local-regional progression. Table 2 lists the pattern and frequency of progression sites for all evaluable patients. We performed a posthoc analysis to evaluate locoregional failure (Supplementary Fig. S2A). Two-year locoregional control rate was 72% (95% CI, 54%–83%). The predominant site of progression was lung; in nine, this was the only site. Four patients have reported a second primary cancer (1 prostate, 3 nonmelanomatous skin cancer).

Of the 60 eligible and treated patients, 31 (52%) were alive with a median follow-up time of 72.9 months (range 45.5–86.5 months; Fig. 1B and Table 2). Median OS has not yet been observed. Men had better OS than women [median OS not observed vs. 10.0 months (95% CI, 1.9–∞), P = 0.027]. Whites had superior OS compared with African Americans [median OS not observed vs. 15.1 months (95% CI, 2.6–∞], P = 0.029]. We did not collect data about whether patients subsequently underwent salvage surgery.

We selected molecular correlates for analysis based on clinical and/or preclinical data supporting their role as either prognostic or predictive indicators (31–36). Baseline tissue and blood specimens of adequate quantity and quality for analysis were collected for 32 and 27 eligible patients, respectively. HPV and p16 status were determined for 29 and 30 tumors, respectively. Of the 29 tumors assessed for HPV status, 17 were oropharyngeal; all 10 HPV⁺ tumors arose in the oropharyngeal in males. In univariate analysis, HPV⁺ status was associated with significantly longer PFS (Table 4 and Fig. 1C) and significantly longer OS (Table 4 and Fig. 1D). Time to locoregional failure did not differ significantly for HPV⁺ and HPV⁻ disease (P = 0.30; Supplementary Fig. S2B). Representative tumor sections positive or negative for HPV ISH are provided in Fig. 2. Tumor p16 status was not significantly associated with PFS or OS although HPV and P16 status were 79% concordant and significantly associated (tau b = 0.53, P = 0.005). Representative tumor sections positive or negative for p16 are provided in Fig. 2. EGFR gene amplification status and EGFR protein levels were evaluated in 26 and 31 tumors, respectively (Fig. 2). Lower tumor EGFR protein levels were significantly associated with improved PFS but not OS (Table 4). Neither tumor HPV status nor tumor EGFR level remained predictive of PFS in multivariable models. HPV status remained a significant predictor of OS in the multivariable model (Table 4).

Tumor levels of ERCC1 and XPF by AQUA (Supplementary Fig. S3) and IHC (Supplementary Fig. S4), and MET by IHC (Supplementary Fig. S4), were not independently associated with PFS or OS in this small sample (Table 4). Different antibodies were used for the ERCC1 analysis by AQUA and IHC with previously described different specificities (37, 38). The agreement between AQUA and IHC staining results for ERCC1 were modest and not significantly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.37, P = 0.07); XPF analyses results by AQUA and IHC were significantly but modestly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.44, P = 0.03).

We successfully measured blood analytes in baseline blood samples from 27 eligible and treated patients except for HB-EGF, which was not detected in any sample tested (Supplementary Table S3). None of the measured blood analytes were significantly associated with PFS or OS (Table 4).

We tested tumor and blood markers for differences by tumor HPV status. HPV⁺ tumors were more frequently p16 high (P = 0.01), whereas high tumor MET levels by IHC and high tumor XPF levels by AQUA were both independently associated with HPV⁻ tumor status (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively). No other tumor marker and no analyzed blood marker differed by tumor HPV status (all P > 0.5). We estimated that we had at least 80% power with one-sided α of 0.05 to detect a HR (favorable versus unfavorable biomarker status) of 0.19 or lower with 30 samples available for molecular correlate analyses.

This study (E3303) demonstrated cetuximab, radiotherapy and reduced dose cisplatin treatment was feasible with acceptable toxicity in fit patients with LA-SCCHN. The study met its primary endpoint, rejecting the null hypothesis with 80% confidence: 2-year PFS was 47%. In addition, our results demonstrated that 6 months of cetuximab maintenance therapy was feasible in 50% of patients.

Though caution is warranted when comparing results across trials, these results compare favorably to the cetuximab plus radiotherapy arm of the phase III randomized trial by Bonner and colleagues, which reported a 5-year OS rate of 45.6% for those 211 patients with stage III/IV LA-SCCHN (23). The ECOG 1392 and Southwest Oncology Group 9059 Intergroup phase III study INT 0126 arm with planned concurrent cisplatin at 100 mg/m² and 70 Gy radiotherapy yielded a CR rate of 40.2% and reported 3-year projected OS rate of 37% in 87 analyzable patients with LA-SCCHN (4); all but 2 patients had stage IV disease and 60% had oropharyngeal primaries, similar to the current trial (67%). Because HPV⁺ SCCHN is generally associated with improved prognosis compared with HPV⁻ SCCHN and oropharyngeal cancers are enriched for HPV⁺ cancers, the paucity of HPV tumor status data further limits direct comparisons. Nonetheless, the INT 0126 trial results provide some context for this trial. Though the CR rate in the INT-0126 study arm was superior to the CR rate observed in E3303, the OS rate of E3303 compares favorably with the Intergroup study. Disease eligibility in E3303 was restricted to stage IV disease but otherwise identical to INT 0126. Unique toxicities in E3303 included acneiform rash (expected with cetuximab) and a possible increase in mucositis; neither proved dose limiting. The incidence of nephrotoxicity, anemia, and neutropenia was lower in E3303 compared with the Intergroup study, likely due to modification of the cisplatin dose. Eligibility criteria were nearly identical and the proportion of stage IV disease and oropharyngeal cancer was similar in the two studies. To date, cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m² has not been formally compared with 100 mg/m² in the context of CRT. Stage migration and other factors, such as the increasing incidence of HPV expression in oropharyngeal cancer, likely compromise historic comparisons (39–42).

The RTOG recently completed a 940 patient, prospective, randomized, phase III trial (0522) comparing CRT with concomitant boost radiotherapy to identical CRT plus cetuximab with two doses of cisplatin at 100 mg/m² every 3 weeks during radiotherapy (43). Maintenance cetuximab was not included. With a median follow-up of 2.4 years for surviving patients, the 2-year OS rate for the RTOG 0522 arm combining cetuximab with CRT was reported to be 83% and did not differ significantly from the comparator arm (44). P16 status was determined for 51% of 628 RTOG 0522 oropharyngeal tumors; with limited reported follow up thus far, cetuximab was determined to provide no benefit for patients with either p16-positive or -negative oropharyngeal SCCHN (45).

In our trial, the incidence of distant relapse as first site of progression eclipsed local-regional recurrence. This finding may reflect modern imaging techniques for patient follow-up, be related to improved local control when cetuximab is added to CRT or reflect the high percentage of patients with N3 disease. The frequency of distant recurrences highlights the need for more effective systemic strategies.

HPV DNA was detected in 59% of the oropharyngeal tumors in the current study; tumors tested from other sites were HPV⁻. Though our findings were limited by the small number of specimens, consistent with prior studies evaluating different treatments and SCCHN patient populations, individuals with HPV⁺ tumors had improved survival compared to patients with HPV⁻ tumors (46). HPV status outperformed p16 tumor status as a prognostic marker in this study. This is likely in part a result of p16 being an imperfect surrogate for HPV status (47). In addition, we used our previously reported definition for p16 positivity (27), which sets a comparatively rigorous threshold for p16 positivity (48). No other molecular correlate analyzed was significantly associated with either PFS or OS in multivariable models. Tumor MET and XPF levels were significantly higher in HPV⁻ tumors compared with HPV⁺ tumors, suggesting MET and/or XPF may contribute to HPV⁻ SCCHN.

In conclusion, though we cannot ascribe apparent improved survival to the addition of cetuximab therapy, the addition of cisplatin and cetuximab to once-daily radiotherapy seems to be well tolerated and therapeutically promising. Further studies will be necessary to identify biomarkers of response in addition to tumor HPV status.

C. Langer is a consultant/advisory board member for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Eli Lilly. R. Mehra is a consultant/advisory board member for Bristol-Myers Squibb and has an immediate family member who is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline. B. Burtness is a consultant/advisory board member for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Boehringer Ingelheim. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed by the other authors.

The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute.

Conception and design: A.M. Egloff, C. Langer, H. Quon, J.A. Ridge, A.A. Forastiere

Development of methodology: C. Langer, R.R. Seethala, D.-H. Yang, J.A. Ridge, B. Burtness

Acquisition of data (provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): C. Langer, A. Vaezi, J.R. Grandis, R.R. Seethala, D.M. Shin, A. Argiris, D.-H. Yang, R. Mehra, U.A. Patel

Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): J.-W. Lee, C. Langer, H. Quon, R.R. Seethala, L. Wang

Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: A.M. Egloff, J.-W. Lee, C. Langer, H. Quon, J.R. Grandis, D.M. Shin, A. Argiris, D.-H. Yang, R. Mehra, J.A. Ridge, U.A. Patel, B. Burtness, A.A. Forastiere

Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): A.M. Egloff, J.-W. Lee, D.-H. Yang, B. Burtness, A.A. Forastiere

Study supervision: A.M. Egloff, C. Langer, D.M. Shin

Principal investigator of the trial: C. Langer

This work was conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (Robert L. Comis, Chair) and supported in part by Public Health Service Grants CA23318, CA66636, CA21115, CA27525, CA39229, CA15488, CA16116, and CA137140 and from the National Cancer Institute, NIH and the Department of Health and Human Services.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.