BMS-936564/MDX-1338: A Fully Human Anti-CXCR4 Antibody Induces Apoptosis In Vitro and Shows Antitumor Activity In Vivo in Hematologic Malignancies Free

CXCR4, also known as CD184, is a 7-transmembrane spanning protein consisting of an extracellular N—terminal tail and 3 extracellular loops. The intracellular carboxy terminus of CXCR4 is coupled to a heterotrimeric G-protein consisting of β- and γ-subunits and a pertussis toxin–sensitive Gi α-subunit (1). To date, only one ligand for CXCR4, CXCL12, also known as SDF-1 has been identified (2, 3). CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 stimulates activation of phospholipase C and subsequently results in an elevation of cytosolic-free calcium. Ligation of CXCR4 ultimately leads to induction of chemotaxis and migration (4, 5). CXCR4 is found in various tissues with predominant expression on hematopoietic lineage cells including B and T cells, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK), and dendritic cells, as well as CD34⁺ bone marrow progenitor cells (6). Low levels of CXCR4 are also expressed on endothelial and epithelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons (7, 8). CXCL12 has been shown to induce endothelial cell migration and proliferation and together with VEGF was shown to enhance neoangiogenesis (9).

Overexpression of CXCR4 has been found in 75% of cancers including leukemias, lymphomas, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, lung, prostate, and colorectal tumors. In addition, this pathway is implicated in stimulating the metastatic process in multiple neoplasms (10). In clinical studies, CXCR4 has been associated with increased propensity for metastasis and decreased survival and was identified as a prognostic indicator for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast, colorectal, non–small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic carcinoma in which greater expression of CXCR4 correlates with disease severity (11–16).

Bone marrow stromal cells secrete CXCL12, and the interaction with CXCR4 is essential for homing and maintaining hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow microenvironment (17). Leukemic cells express high levels of CXCR4, and the pathway plays a critical role in leukemic cell migration into the bone marrow which in turn supports their growth and survival. CXCR4 is essential for metastatic spread to organs such as bone marrow where CXCL12 is expressed. Collectively, CXCR4 plays an important role in both homing and retention of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, and an antagonist of CXCR4 mobilizes stem cells into the bloodstream, as shown with the small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor (Mozobil) which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for autologous transplants in patients with non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (18).

In AML, CXCR4 is highly expressed on the CD34⁺ fraction of bone marrow cells. Lower levels of CXCR4 on AML cells correlate with a better prognosis resulting in a longer relapse-free and overall survival. The lower CXCR4 receptor expression attenuates migration of primary AML cells toward CXCL12 expressed in the chemoprotected environment of the bone marrow (19). In addition to AML, serum levels of CXCL12 are elevated in patients with multiple myeloma, and CXCR4 expression increases in extramedullary plasmacytoma, a manifestation of an advanced stage of multiple myeloma. Furthermore, blockade of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis attenuates tumor growth in multiple myeloma tumor models (20).

In this report, we describe the generation of a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for human CXCR4. MDX-1338 has low nanomolar affinity for CXCR4 and effectively blocks CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, thereby inhibiting calcium flux and migration. MDX-1338 induces apoptosis on a panel of tumor cell lines and significantly reduces in vivo tumor growth in several xenograft models. These data support the development of MDX-1338 for treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies.

Isotype control antibody IgG₄ containing the S228P hinge mutation to reduce half-antibody formation (21) was produced at Medarex (acquired by BMS and currently renamed BDC). The following reagents were purchased: CXCL12 from Peprotech; ¹²⁵I- CXCL12 from PerkinElmer; calcium dye (FLIPR Calcium 4 kit) from Molecular Devices; bis-(acetoxymethyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine-6,6″-dicarboxylate (BADTA) chemiluminescent migration reagent and DELFIA Europium solution from PerkinElmer; Annexin V Binding Buffer 10× concentrate, 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD), and Annexin V-APC from BD Biosciences; phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated goat anti-human antibody from Jackson ImmunoResearch (Cat. 109-116-098). AML peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from AllCells LLC. and Cureline Inc.

Ramos human B lymphoblast Burkitt lymphoma (Cat. CRL-1596), CCRF-CEM human T lymphoblast acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCL-119), HL-60 human promyeloblast (CCL-240), Namalwa human B lymphoblast Burkitt lymphoma (CRL-1432), Raji human B lymphoblast Burkitt lymphoma (CCL-86), RPMI-8226 human myeloma (CCL-155), MM.1S human B lymphoblast MM (CRL-2974), U226B1 human myeloma (TIB-196), MV-4-11 human biphenotypic B myelomonocytic leukemia (CRL-9591), MJ human T-cell lymphoma (CRL-8294), HH human T-cell lymphoma (CRL-2105), HuT78 human lymphoblast cutaneous lymphoma (TIB-161), and NK92 human NK cell non–Hodgkin lymphoma (CRL-2407) cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Nomo-1 human AML (ACC 542), MOLP-8 multiple myeloma (ACC 569), SU-DHL6 human B-cell NHL (ACC 572), L540 human Hodgkin lymphoma (ACC 72), KG-1 human AML (ACC 14), MOLP-8 human multiple myeloma (ACC 569), OPM-2 human multiple myeloma (ACC 50), and L-363 human plasma cell leukemia (ACC 49) cell lines were purchased from DSMZ.

R1610 hamster fibroblasts (CRL-1657) purchased from ATCC were transfected with human CXCR4 and kept under selection using G418 at 500 μg/mL. JJN-3 cells (ACC 541) purchased from DSMZ were selected at BMS for resistance to bortezomib. NKL human NK cell large granulocyte leukemia cell line licensed from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Boston, MA) and KHYG-1 human NK cell leukemia cell line (JCRB0156) was purchased from the Health Science Research Resources Bank, Japan Health Sciences Foundation.

A FACSArray or FACSCailbur (BD Biosciences) instrument and FlowJo software v8 (TreeStar Inc.) were used to collect and analyze data.

Mice from Medarex KM transgenic mouse colonies were immunized with human CXCR4 transfected R1610 cells or recombinant CXCL12. Spleen lysates were pooled and processed as described previously (22) Using proprietary phage display procedures, Biosite generated antibody fragments (Fab library). Phage which bound to CXCR4 were selected on CXCR4 magnetic proteoliposomes (MPL; ref. 23) which were prepared from HEK293E cells expressing CXCR4. Phage binding to CXCL12 was selected using biotinylated CXCL12. Selected antigen-reactive Fab were converted to full-length IgG₄ (S228P) and reexpressed in CHO cells.

Serial dilutions of MDX-1338, anti-CXCL12, and control antibody were tested for blockade of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 binding to CXCR4⁺ CEM cells. Competition of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 on CEM cells was shown using a fixed concentration of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 (100 pmol/L) and a titration of MDX-1338 from 5 pmol/L to 300 nmol/L. An isotype antibody was used as a negative control, and unlabeled CXCL12 was used as a positive control. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, the filters were washed, removed, and counts per minute (CPM) were read by a PerkinElmer Wizard gamma counter. For all in vitro studies, the data were graphed and analyzed with GraphPad Prism software, using nonlinear regression and sigmoidal dose–response curves.

Cells were loaded with FLIPR Calcium 4 dye (Molecular Devices). A fixed concentration of CXCL12 was used to stimulate calcium flux. A titration of MDX-1338 or anti-CXCL12 from 50 pmol/L to 100 nmol/L was used to inhibit the response. A maximal calcium response was set with CXCL12 minus antibodies. A baseline response was established with buffer stimulation of cells without CXCL12. Calcium fluxes were read on the Flexstation (Molecular Devices).

Cells were loaded with BATDA. A fixed concentration of CXCL12 was used to stimulate migration of cells through a filter containing 5-μm pores on migration plates from Neuro Probe (Cat. ChemoTx 106-5). A titration of MDX-1338 or anti-CXCL12 from 20 pmol/L to 300 nmol/L was added to the cells. CXCL12 without antibody was used to establish maximal migration. Migration toward media alone without CXCL12 was used to measure background migration. Following 2-hour incubation at 37°C, migrated cells were detected by addition of Europium solution to the lysed cells and detected by time resolved fluorescence on the Fusion (Perkin Elmer).

For proliferation, cells were suspended at 1 × 10⁵ cells/mL in growth media and incubated with antibodies and cultured for 72 hours at 37°C. Cell-Titer-Glo (Promega) was added to wells, mixed, and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Plate was read on GloMax Luminometer (Promega).

For apoptosis assays, cells (5 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were incubated with 10 to 330 nmol/L MDX-1338 or isotype control at 37°C for 24 hours. For a subset of cells (see Table 1), a cross-linking antibody (goat anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal Ab) was added at 6-fold excess. For all cell types, camptothecin (CPT) was added at 10 μmol/L for 24 hours at 37º C as a positive control for apoptosis induction. Cells were then resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer (10 mmol/L HEPES at pH 7.4, 140 mmol/L NaCl, 2.5 mmol/L CaCl₂) and stained with Annexin V-APC and 7-AAD or propidium iodide (PI). Cells were then washed, resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer, and analyzed with a FACSArray system (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (TreeStar, Inc.).

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were subcutaneously implanted with 10 million Ramos cells or HL-60 cells, 7.5 million of Nomo-1 cells, 2.5 million MOLP-8 cells, or 5 million JJN-3R cells in 0.1 mL PBS and 0.1 mL Matrigel using a 1—cm³ syringe and a 25-gauge half-inch needle. One day before dosing, mice were randomized into groups of 8 to 10 mice each according to tumor volume (L × W × H/2). After implantation, mice were dosed with MDX-1338 at 3 to 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.), human IgG₄ isotype (15 or 30 mg/kg i.p.), bortezomib (1.0 or 0.8 mg/kg i.v.), and vehicle control was dosed at 0.3 mL i.p.. Mice were dosed every 3 to 4 days for 5 doses. Tumors and body weights were measured twice weekly. Tumors were measured in 3 dimensions with a Fowler Electronic Digital Caliper (Model 62379-531; Fred V. Fowler Co.), and data were electronically recorded using StudyDirector software from Studylog Systems, Inc. Animals were checked daily for postural, grooming, and respiratory changes, as well as lethargy. Mice were euthanized when the tumors reached the 2,000 mm³ endpoint or appeared ulcerated. All antibody doses were well tolerated, and no body weight losses were observed.

A number of CXCR4-positive human cell lines were evaluated for MDX-1338–binding using flow cytometry. Dose-dependent binding was seen for the cell lines R1610-huCXCR4, Ramos, CEM, Nomo-1, HL-60, MOLP-8, and JJN-3R (Fig. 1). No binding to the R1610 parental cells was detected. On the basis of geometric mean fluorescent intensity (GMFI), CXCR4 levels were highest on R1610-huCXCR4 and Ramos cells followed by CEM (Fig. 1B), Nomo-1, and HL-60 (Fig. 1A). The multiple myeloma cell lines MOLP-8 and JJN-3R expressed the lowest number of receptors (Fig. 1C). The EC₅₀ values for binding were 2.3, 4.2, 10.3, 40, 5.3, 6.5, and 2.0 nmol/L for R1610-huCXCR4, Ramos, CEM, Nomo-1, HL-60 MOLP-8, and JJN-3R cells, respectively. In addition, MDX-1338 bound to healthy donor PBMCs (data not shown) as well as 7 of 8 PBMCs samples collected from patients with AML with variable GMFI (Fig. 1D).

Saturation-binding studies were conducted using radiolabeled CXCL12 and CXCR4^hi CEM cells. The K_D of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 binding to CEM cells was determined to be 4.3 nmol/L (data not shown) which is similar to the reported K_D of CXCL12 for CXCR4 ranging from 3.0 to 5.4 nmol/L (24). Using a suboptimal fixed concentration of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 (100 pmol/L), MDX-1338 was titrated, and dose-dependent inhibition of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 binding with an EC₅₀ value of approximately 2 nmol/L was observed (Fig. 2A). Interestingly, the anti-CXCL12 antibody was more potent and induced a dose-dependent inhibition of ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 binding to CEM cells with an EC₅₀ value of approximately 90 pmol/L (Fig. 2B).

Ramos and CEM cells were used to test the capacity for MDX-1338 and anti-CXCL12 to inhibit calcium flux. CXCL12 induces a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium with peak calcium flux reached at 50 and 5 nmol/L with Ramos and CEM cells, respectively. Using the optimal concentration of CXCL12 to stimulate calcium flux, a titration of MDX-1338 or anti-CXCL12 was used to inhibit the response (Fig. 2C and D). Both MDX-1338 and anti-CXCL12 blocked CXCL12-induced calcium flux in a dose-dependent manner with an EC₅₀ of approximately 10 and 8 nmol/L in Ramos and CEM, respectively (Fig. 2C and D). Anti-CXCL12 blocked with an EC₅₀ of approximately 35 nmol/L (Ramos) and 2 nmol/L (CEM) cells (Fig. 2C and D).

The optimal concentration of CXCL12 for inducing Ramos migration was established to be 10 ng/mL (1.25 nmol/L), whereas CEM cells were more sensitive to CXCL12 and exhibited maximal migration at 0.05 nmol/L CXCL12. MDX-1338 was shown to block CXCL12-induced migration with an approximate EC₅₀ value of 1 nmol/L in Ramos cells and 4 nmol/L in CEM cells (Fig. 2E and F). Anti-CXCL12 inhibited CXCL12-induced migration with an approximate EC50 value of 0.9 nmol/L (Ramos) and 0.13 nmol/L (CEM) cells (Fig. 2E and F).

To test the in vivo activity of MDX-1338 and anti-CXCL12, SCID mice bearing established Ramos tumor xenografts were treated with 15 mg/kg of antibody. Dose–response studies had previously found 15 mg/kg to be an effective dose of rituximab (data not shown). MDX-1338 and positive control, rituximab, inhibited tumor growth when compared with vehicle and isotype controls. Treatment with MDX-1338 resulted in a median growth inhibition of 99% on day 21, and the inhibition was maintained for 60 days (Fig. 3A). In contrast, anti-CXCL12 did not inhibit tumor growth and did similarly to the isotype control antibody.

Because we observed robust in vivo activity, studies were undertaken to understand the mechanism of action of MDX-1338. A maximum of about 50% inhibition of Ramos cell proliferation was seen with 40 nmol/L MDX-1338 treatment (Fig. 4A) compared with isotype control. By comparison, AMD3100, a small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist did not inhibit proliferation. A recently described peptide antagonist, BKT140, did inhibit proliferation, however, at much higher concentrations (100 μmol/L).

Antibody-induced apoptosis was investigated using Ramos cells and MDX-1338 for 24 hours. For comparison, the small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, was investigated using 6 μmol/L corresponding to a concentration which inhibited CXCL12-induced calcium flux and migration. MDX-1338 induced an increase in Annexin V (31.2%) and in Annexin V/PI double-positive staining (27.3%) compared with cells that were untreated (1.7% and 4.1%), incubated with isotype control antibody (0.5% and 2.8%), or treated with AMD3100 (2.0% and 2.7%; Fig. 4B and C).

To verify the specificity of the response to MDX-1338, parental R1610 which do not bind MDX-1338 (data not shown) and R1610 transfected with human CXCR4 that do bind to MDX-1338 (Fig. 1) were used to measure apoptosis. The transfected cells R1610-hCXCR4 exhibited an increased level of Annexin V staining and Annexin V/PI in response to incubation with MDX-1338 (24.3% and 11.4%), whereas an isotype control antibody (2.5% and 0.9%) or when untreated (2.6% and 0.9%) had minimal effects. The parental R1610 cells did not exhibit apoptosis following MDX-1338 treatment (Fig. 5) suggesting specificity for hCXCR4. Subsequent to these findings, MDX-1338 was shown to induce apoptosis on several CXCR4-positive cell lines as well as normal PBMCs (Table 1).

To assess the efficacy of antibody in AML, we used 2 cytarabine-resistant mouse xenograft models, HL-60 and Nomo-1. The CXCR4 expression in each cell line was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) staining (Fig. 1A). SCID mice containing established HL-60 tumors were treated with MDX-1338, and on day 27, the median tumor growth inhibition was 88% and 83% when compared with isotype and vehicle groups, respectively (Fig. 3B).

In the Nomo-1 model, the mice were dosed with MDX-1338 or cytarabine and monitored for 57 days. On day 34, the median tumor growth inhibition of MDX-1338–treated mice was significantly delayed by 88% compared with isotype or vehicle control (Fig. 3C). As expected, cytarabine did not inhibit tumor growth.

CXCR4⁺ myeloma cells, MOLP-8 and JJN-3R, were tested for sensitivity to MDX-1338 in SCID xenograft tumor models. MOLP-8 cells were implanted into SCID mice and the mice were treated with 10 mg/kg/dose of MDX-1338 ± 50 mg/kg lenalidomide or ±0.8 mg/kg bortezomib (Fig. 3D). MDX-1338 significantly delayed mean tumor growth by 66% and 56% when compared with isotype control on day 25 (last day when all mice in each cohort remained in the study). MOLP-8 tumors were relatively resistant to lenalidomide and bortezomib, and the efficacy of MDX-1338 was not improved when combined with either drug. At the end of study on day 42, 5 of 8 mice remained in the MDX-1338 group, whereas no mice remained in the isotype-treated group. The bortezomib-resistant, JJN-3R cells were implanted into SCID mice, and mice were dosed when the tumors were established. Median tumor growth over time is shown in Fig. 3E. Neither lenalidomide nor bortezomib alone inhibited tumor growth, whereas median tumor growth inhibition was 100% for mice treated with MDX-1338 on day 25 compared with mice treated with isotype. At the end of study, 4 of 7 mice were tumor free in the MDX-1338 30 mg/kg group.

A novel, first-in-class therapeutic monoclonal antibody directed to CXCR4 has been developed. In addition to blocking CXCL12-induced calcium flux and migration, we describe antibody-dependent induction of apoptosis as another mechanism of action. Antibody-induced apoptosis resulted in robust in vivo efficacy across multiple hematopoietic tumor xenograft models. Because CXCR4 plays a role in multiple fundamental aspects of cancer including proliferation, migration/invasion, and angiogenesis, an antagonist has potentially multiple means to intervene in malignancies where CXCR4 is expressed. To begin to dissect the pathway, we developed fully human monoclonal antibodies to both CXCR4 and CXCL12. Both the anti-CXCR4 and anti-CXCL12 antibodies inhibit ligand binding to CXCR4 resulting in inhibition of ligand-induced cellular responses such as calcium flux and migration (Fig. 2). In addition to these functions, the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis has been implicated in promoting angiogenesis (9, 25). Both anti-CXCR4 and anti-CXCL12 antibodies also inhibited endothelial tube formation (data not shown), an in vitro demonstration of angiogenesis.

To test our theory that disruption of CXCR4/CXCL12 interactions will result in attenuation of tumor growth, we tested the efficacy of the antibodies in an in vivo xenograft model. Ramos cells were engrafted into SCID mice and rituximab was used as a positive control. To our surprise, anti-CXCL12 antibody did not control tumor growth and appeared indistinguishable from vehicle and isotype control. In contrast, anti-CXCR4 antibody showed nearly complete tumor growth control with similar activity as rituximab (Fig. 3). Because in vitro blockade of chemotaxis was similar between the 2 antibodies, it is unlikely that antitumor control is dependent on blockade of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. A direct effect of MDX-1338 was tested in a Ramos cell proliferation assay. CXCL12 has been implicated as an autocrine factor promoting cell growth, and in a separate study, CXCL12 siRNA inhibited BR5-1 growth (26, 27). Although the inhibition of growth was partial in our studies, we observed a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation with anti-CXCR4, whereas AMD3100 and anti-CXCL12 antibody had no effect. Recently, a 14-residue polypeptide reported to be a specific CXCR4 antagonist (BKT140) was shown to inhibit proliferation of multiple myeloma cells (28). It has been suggested that AMD3100 is a weak partial agonist, whereas BKT140 acts as an inverse agonist (29).

Multiple agents are being developed or are approved for CXCL12/CXCR4-targeted therapy including small-molecule inhibitors, AMD3100 (plerixafor, Mozobil, developed by Genzyme), BKT140 (Biokine Therapeutics; ref. 28), a cyclic peptide CXCR4 antagonist (Eli Lilly; ref. 30), and CTCE-9908 developed by Chemokine Therapeutics (31, 32). In addition, an anti-CXCR4 antibody developed by Eli Lilly has been discontinued and an antibody developed by Pierre Fabre Medicament (33) is in preclinical development. Finally, a first-in-man study of ALX-0651, a nanobody inhibiting CXCR4, was initiated in healthy volunteers by Ablynx (34). How these various therapies will be differentiated needs to be determined. We have compared the activity of AMD3100 with MDX-1338, and there was no apoptosis observed with AMD3100, suggesting that the antibody binding to CXCR4 drives a signal to induce apoptosis and is not simply antagonizing ligand binding. Our current data support that MDX-1338 activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The specific signaling pathways that CXCR4 engages upon antibody binding are currently being investigated.

The observation of CXCR4-mediated apoptosis by binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-gp120 to CXCR4 has been reported (35). Investigation revealed that antibodies cross-linked to CXCR4 could mimic the cell death observed with gp120 induction (36). Those authors suggested that the use of anti-chemokine receptor antibodies to prevent HIV-1 infection might result in an efficient and rapid destruction of the receptor expressing T cells. We measured anti-CXCR4–induced apoptosis in more than 20 different CXCR4-expressing cell lines (Table 1), confirming that this mechanism is not restricted to one cell type. Although MDX-1338 binds to healthy peripheral blood leukocytes, preliminary data from our AML trial have shown that the drug is well tolerated. To date, more than 40 patients have been dosed up to 10 mg/kg, and we have not seen any adverse events associated with the antibody.

In vivo published data support that antagonists of CXCR4 are efficacious in AML and multiple myeloma tumor models by enhancing the sensitivity of the tumors cells to chemotherapy (37, 38). In contrast, in the studies presented here, we show that a statistically significant tumor growth inhibition was achieved when MDX-1338 was administered as monotherapy in AML and multiple myeloma models.

As MDX-1338 is an IgG₄ antibody, the in vivo efficacy cannot be explained by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, it is possible that the antibody, once bound to CXCR4-expressing cells, engages FcγR1 receptors expressed on antigen-presenting cells leading to phagocytosis. The cell lines, in which MDX-1338 efficacy was observed in vivo, required a secondary anti-Fc antibody to MDX-1338 to induce apoptosis in vitro. This may be a consequence of lower expression of CXCR4 on those particular cell lines. If the mechanism of apoptosis initiation is dependent upon bringing CXCR4 molecules into close proximity and the density of CXCR4 on the cell surface is low relative to the binding distance spanned by the anti-CXCR4 antibody, then a secondary high-affinity anti-Fc antibody may be required to bridge that gap, bringing the receptors together to drive an apoptotic signal. In vivo, this may be accomplished through FcγR1 receptors.

In conclusion, we propose a novel mechanism of action for an anti-CXCR4 antibody in addition to its role in cellular mobilization and also that MDX-1338 may be an effective therapy for AML, multiple myeloma, and other hematologic and possibly solid tumor malignancies.

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Conception and design: M.R. Kuhne, C. Pan, A.J. Korman, P.M. Cardarelli

Development of methodology: M.R. Kuhne, B. Belanger, C. Pan, W. Niekro, K.A. Henning

Acquisition of data (provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): M.R. Kuhne, T. Mulvey, B. Belanger, S. Chen, C. Chong, F. Cao, K.A. Henning

Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): M.R. Kuhne, T. Mulvey, B. Belanger, S. Chen, C. Pan, F. Cao, K.A. Henning, P.M. Cardarelli

Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: M.R. Kuhne, S. Chen, C. Pan, W. Niekro, K.A. Henning, L.J. Cohen, A.J. Korman, P.M. Cardarelli

Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): M.R. Kuhne, T. Mulvey, W. Niekro

Study supervision: M.R. Kuhne, C. Pan

Antibody generation and discovery: T. Kempe

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.