Numerous studies have demonstrated differences in certain biological breast cancer characteristics associated with survival, including hormone receptor status and histology, among women of different racial and ethnic groups. However, women classified as “Asian or Pacific Islanders” or “Hispanic whites” represent heterogeneous populations, and few studies have separately evaluated subgroups of these populations with respect to these breast tumor characteristics. Using data obtained from 11 cancer registries that participate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, the tumor characteristics of 93,317 women in whom invasive breast cancer was diagnosed from 1992 to 1998 were compared by race and ethnicity using unconditional and polytomous logistic regression. The study consisted of 75,978 non-Hispanic whites, 6,915 African Americans, 203 Native Americans, 5,750 Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 4,471 Hispanic whites. Eight Asian/Pacific Islander and four Hispanic white subgroups were also analyzed separately. Relative to non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Indians/Pakistanis, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans living in the United States had 1.4- to 3.1-fold elevated risks of presenting with estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer. Numerous differences by histological type, including lobular, ductal/lobular, mucinous, comedocarcinoma, tubular, and medullary histologies, were also observed by race/ethnicity. Breast cancer tumor characteristics differ by race/ethnicity in the United States. Both biological and lifestyle factors likely contribute to these findings. Our results may explain, to some extent, the differences in breast cancer stage and survival observed by race/ethnicity. Understanding the factors underlying these differences may provide further insight into breast cancer etiology in different populations.

African American (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Hispanic (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9), Native American (7, 10), Hawaiian, and Filipino (1, 11, 12) women living in the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stages of breast cancer and to have poorer survival after diagnosis compared with non-Hispanic whites. Alternatively, Japanese and Chinese women have been shown either to be no different with respect to breast cancer stage and survival (1) or to actually present with less advanced stages and to have better survival compared with non-Hispanic whites (11, 12). Various explanations for these findings have been postulated including differences in sociodemographic, cultural, and behavioral characteristics. With respect to African Americans, some studies have shown that differences in insurance coverage and socioeconomic status (13, 14) do not explain the observed differences in stage, whereas other studies find that, after adjusting for factors such as socioeconomic status, income, stage, and breast cancer treatments, differences in survival are no longer observed (15, 16, 17).

These stage and survival differences may also be related to the differential expression of breast tumor characteristics that have been independently shown to be related to mortality. Specifically, hormone receptor-negative breast tumors (18, 19, 20) are associated with poorer survival, whereas tumors that have a lobular histology are associated with better survival (21). Previous studies suggested that African Americans are more likely to have ER3-negative, PR-negative (5, 22), and medullary (4, 6) breast tumors, and less likely to have tumors with a lobular histology (23). Whether or not Hispanic women are more likely to have ER-negative and PR-negative breast tumors remains unclear with one study showing that they do (6) and two others showing that they do not (22, 24). Overall, there are few studies that have explored the relationship between race/ethnicity and breast tumor characteristics, and those that have, have been limited by studying women living in single geographic regions, by their sample sizes, and in their abilities to assess women in different racial/ethnic subgroups.

Using data from 11 population-based tumor registries in the United States, we assessed the relationship between race/ethnicity, using 17 separate categories, and risk of invasive breast carcinoma by hormone receptor status and histological type among women 50 years of age and older.

Women 50 years of age and older with diagnoses of invasive breast cancer made between 1992 and 1998 were identified through 11 population-based cancer registries in the United States that participate in the National Cancer Institute’s SEER Program. The study was limited to women 50 years of age and older because hormone receptor status is known to differ by menopausal status (25), and in the absence of information on menstrual history, 50 years of age has been shown to be a reasonable proxy for defining menopause (26). The year 1992 was chosen as the starting point for this analysis because this was the year when two registries were added to the SEER program, those serving the urban areas surrounding Los Angeles and San Jose, California, both of which contain racially and ethnically diverse populations. The other SEER registries that were used include those serving the states of Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, and Utah and the urban areas surrounding Atlanta, Georgia; Detroit, Michigan; San Francisco-Oakland, California; and Seattle, Washington. The principal sources of data used by SEER are patients’ medical records. It is estimated that >95% of all incident cancer cases in the populations under surveillance are ascertained. Further operational details and methods used by the SEER program are provided elsewhere (27).

A total of 95,523 women whose breast cancer diagnosis was their first primary cancer diagnosis of any type recorded at their registry were eligible for this study. Subjects were excluded if their cancer was diagnosed at autopsy (n = 33), if their race was classified as “other” (n = 159) or “unknown” (n = 611), or if their Hispanic ethnicity was classified as either “Spanish surname only” (meaning that the only evidence of a woman’s Hispanic origin was her surname or maiden name) or “unknown” (n = 1,360). In addition, to make our race/ethnicity categories mutually exclusive, 31 African American women, 1 Native American woman, and 11 Asians/Pacific Islanders who were also categorized as being Hispanic were excluded leaving a total of 93,317 subjects.

Our primary exposure of interest was race/ethnicity. Beginning in 1988, in addition to categorizing “race/ethnicity” as white, black, Native American/Alaskan Native, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and Hawaiian, SEER added categories for Koreans, Asian Indians/Pakistanis, and Vietnamese among others. Of the 5,750 Asian/Pacific Islanders included in this study, 127 were of less common Asian/Pacific Islander races, including Thai, Laotian, Tongan, and so forth; and 239 were classified as being other or NOS Asian/Pacific Islanders. These 366 women were grouped together and classified as other/NOS Asians/Pacific Islanders. In 1988, SEER also added information about “Spanish surname or origin” specifically coding whether individuals were Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American (except Brazil), other specified Spanish/Hispanic Origin (includes European), and Spanish/Hispanic NOS. We used these expanded categorizations in our analyses (although, because of the small number of Cubans (n = 117), we merged them with the 2,534 women of other/NOS Spanish/Hispanic origin). Given these categorizations, our study consisted of 75,978 non-Hispanic whites, 6,915 African Americans, 203 Native Americans, 5,750 Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 4,471 Hispanic whites.

In addition to age and year of diagnosis, SEER also provides information on: ER status, PR status, and histology. Moreover, information on the following tumor characteristics, which we evaluated as potential confounders or effect modifiers of the relationship between race/ethnicity and ER status, PR status, and histology, is available: American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, size, number of positive lymph nodes, number of lymph nodes examined, and tumor grade. In addition, surgical and radiation treatment information is available. Although information on marital status is provided, data regarding other sociodemographic factors such as income and health insurance status are not.

ORs were calculated as an estimate of the relative risk to evaluate the association between ER status, PR status, and histological type and different racial/ethnic groups. NonHispanic whites served as the reference group because they represented over 80% of our total study population. Using Stata 6.0 for Windows (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX) statistical software, unconditional logistic regression was performed to compute ORs and 95% CIs (28) and to evaluate the effects of confounding and modifying factors on the association between race/ethnicity and ER status and PR status. A factor was considered to be a confounder if it changed our estimates by more than 10%. None of the potential confounders or effect modifiers listed above were found to confound or modify the relationships that we assessed. In addition, histology was not a confounder of the relationships that we observed between hormone receptor status and race/ethnicity, and hormone receptor status was not a confounder of the relationship between histology and race/ethnicity. However, all analyses were adjusted for age at diagnosis (as a categorical variable), year at diagnosis (as a continuous variable), and SEER registry. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between race/ethnicity and ER status and PR status among women with a known hormone receptor status. Women whose hormone receptor status was classified as borderline, not assessed, or unknown were considered to have an unknown status. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and ER/PR status and histology. In these polytomous models the baseline categories used were ER-positive/PR-positive and ductal histology (defined using ICD-O code 8500), respectively. The other histologies that we assessed, were classified using ICD-O codes, as follows: lobular (8520), ductal-lobular (8522), mucinous (8480), comedocarcinoma (8501), adenocarcinoma (8140), tubular (8211 and 8201), and medullary (8510). These analyses were also adjusted for age at diagnosis, year at diagnosis, and SEER registry.

Table 1 presents a comparison of various characteristics by race/ethnicity. Non-Hispanic white women tended to have later diagnosis ages compared with women of other races/ethnicities, although this may reflect the fact that the non-Hispanic white population is on average older than the other populations. African-American women most frequently came from the Atlanta, Detroit, and Los Angeles registries; Native Americans from New Mexico and Seattle/Puget Sound; Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders from Hawaii, Los Angeles, and San Francisco/Oakland; and Hispanic whites from Los Angeles and New Mexico. African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic whites were somewhat more likely to present with tumors that had a more advanced stage, were larger, and had more positive lymph nodes compared with non-Hispanic whites and Asians/Pacific Islanders. Of note, ER status was borderline, not assessed, or unknown for 19.3% of non-Hispanic whites, 28.5% of African Americans, 16.8% of Native Americans, 17.3% of Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 27.8% of Hispanic whites.

Tables 2 and 3 present age, diagnosis year, and SEER registry-adjusted risks of breast tumors for each race/ethnicity by hormone receptor status. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic whites all had 1.2- to 2.2-fold elevations in their risks of ER-negative, PR-negative, and ERnegative/PR-negative tumors, with African Americans having the highest risk of ER-negative/PR-negative tumors. Although overall there was a 40% elevation in risk of ER-negative/PR-negative tumors among Asian/Pacific Islanders, this increase appeared limited to 1.4- to 3.1-fold elevations in the risk of such tumors among Filipinos, Chinese, Hawaiians, Koreans, Vietnamese, and Asian Indians/Pakistanis. Among Hispanic whites, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans had 1.5- to 1.7-fold elevated risks of ER-negative/PR-negative tumors.

Table 4 presents risks of different breast cancer histologies by race and ethnicity adjusted for age, year of diagnosis, and SEER registry. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, each subgroup had 20–70% reductions in risk of lobular and/or ductal/lobular carcinoma (except for Native Americans, Hawaiians, Indians/Pakistanis, and Puerto Ricans). Among African Americans, Native Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic Whites, 1.3- to 3.4-fold increases in risk of mucinous carcinoma were observed. However, the increased risk among Asians/Pacific Islanders appeared limited to Filipino and Chinese women, whereas the increased risk among Hispanic whites seemed to be limited to Mexicans and South/Central Americans. African American and Chinese women had 20 and 50% elevations in their risk of comedocarcinoma, respectively. A 1.5- to 2.4-fold increase in the risk of adenocarcinoma was limited to African Americans, Vietnamese, Mexicans, and South/Central Americans; and 40–80% reductions in risk of tubular carcinoma were seen among African Americans, Japanese, Filipinos, Chinese, Hawaiians, and Hispanic whites. Finally, 1.5- to 7.7-fold elevations in risk of medullary carcinoma were seen among African Americans, Native Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans, with Puerto Ricans having the highest risk.

Our findings are generally consistent with the few published studies in this area. With respect to hormone receptor status, our results are similar in magnitude and direction to previous findings that African-American women have greater risks of ER-negative (29), PR-negative (4, 5, 6), ER-positive/PR-negative, ER-negative/PR-positive, and ER-negative/PR-negative (22) breast tumors. Fewer studies have looked at other racial/ethnic groups with one finding that white Hispanic women have greater risks of ER-negative and PR-negative breast tumors (6), whereas other groups have not (4, 23). Also, one study found that Asians were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to have ER-negative/PR-negative breast tumors (30). Even fewer studies have reported on differences in breast cancer histologies by race/ethnicity. African Americans and Hispanic whites do appear to have decreased risks of lobular carcinoma and increased risks of medullary carcinoma compared with non-Hispanic whites (4, 22, 23), and one study that examined Asian/Pacific Islanders also found that they had a lower risk of lobular carcinoma, although this reduction in risk was not significant (23). Joslyn et al.(4), also reported that African Americans were less likely to have ductal/lobular and tubular tumors.

Again, these studies were all limited in their ability to assess risk among different Asians/Pacific Islanders and Hispanic whites of different origins and in the geographic regions studied. Thus, in this study of women living in 11 geographic regions, we expand on what has been reported, i.e., that Native Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Indians/Pakistanis, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans (in addition to African Americans) living in the United States have elevated risks of being diagnosed with ER-negative/PR-negative tumors, which are tumors known to be associated with poorer survival (18, 19, 20). Furthermore, we document differences with respect to histology, with African Americans, Native Americans, all Asian/Pacific Islander subtypes (except for Hawaiians and Indians/Pakistanis), and all Hispanic white subtypes (except for Puerto Ricans) having decreased risks of lobular carcinoma, which is a histological subtype that may be associated with a better prognosis (21), than the most common histological type of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma. Overall, compared with non-Hispanic whites, differences were seen in at least five of the seven histological subtypes analyzed for African Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, Mexicans, and South/Central Americans.

A potential limitation of this study is that our exposure of interest, race/ethnicity, was determined via medical record reviews. However, information on race was classified as other or unknown, and ethnicity was classified as Spanish surname only or unknown, whether Spanish/Hispanic or not, for only 2130 women, representing 2.3% of the eligible study population. With respect to Asians/Pacific Islanders, only 239 women, representing 4.2% of this population, were classified as being of a NOS Asian/Pacific Islander race. An inability to categorize Hispanic whites into subgroups was a more important problem, because 2534 women, representing 56.7% of this population, were classified as being of an other or NOS Spanish/Hispanic origin. This inability to subcategorize the majority of Hispanic whites could bias our results with respect to these subgroups either toward or away from the null. Additionally, because we evaluated 17 different racial/ethnic groups and, hence, a large number of associations, some of the statistically significant relationships that we identified could have been attributable to chance.

Another limitation of this study was our lack of information regarding other factors that may be associated with hormone receptor status and histology. Specifically, data on hormonal, reproductive, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors were unavailable. These factors could contribute to the differences that we observed, because nulliparity/late age at first live birth, early age at menarche, and higher body mass indices have been associated with an increased risk of developing an ER-positive tumor, but a decreased risk of developing an ER-negative tumor (18, 31, 32, 33). However, with respect to hormone receptor status, these factors may not play an important role because a study evaluating the risk of ER-positive tumors among whites and blacks found that blacks were still more likely than whites to have ER-negative tumors even after adjusting for age, reproductive factors, body mass index, use of alcohol and tobacco, socioeconomic status, and health care access and use (29).

An additional concern is that hormone receptor assays and the classifications of tumor histologies were not conducted in a centralized location. This, and the fact that, relative to the other groups, African Americans and Hispanic whites had greater proportions of unknown data with respect to hormone receptors status, may bias our results. However, with respect to the first issue, it is unlikely that different practices across institutions could entirely account for our findings, particularly because the study is limited to a finite recent time period in which hormone receptor assays have been routinely used in the assessment of breast carcinomas and in which, histological classifications of breast tumors have not undergone major revisions. What is also reassuring is that our distributions of hormone receptor status and histology are quite comparable with other published results with respect to non-Hispanic white, African-American, and Hispanic white women (22).

In summary, our findings suggest that relative to non-Hispanic white women, women of certain races/ethnicities living in the United States, including African Americans, Native Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Indians/Pakistanis, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans, have greater risks of presenting with breast cancers the characteristics of which are associated with a poorer prognosis. A combination of biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle differences across these populations are likely to account for these variations. Thus, rather than an independent risk factor for particular hormone receptor profiles and histologies, race/ethnicity is more likely to be a marker for other risk factors associated with such outcomes. Nevertheless, it may be important to explore how the impact of breast cancer risk factors vary by race/ethnicity because some of these factors have been independently associated with breast cancers with certain hormone receptor expression profiles and histologies. For example, the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with an increased risk of tumors with a lobular histology (34, 35). Although it is known that the use of HRT is more common among non-Hispanic whites than it is among African American women, whether or not this difference alone could explain our results is uncertain. In addition, as others have also suggested (6), findings such as ours may partly explain the more advanced stages and poorer survival experienced by different racial/ethnic groups, including African Americans, Native Americans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. Although both hormone receptor status and histology may be fairly crude measures of biological differences of breast tumors across races/ethnicities, important differences were identified here that will hopefully encourage the research of how other biological factors, including genetic and molecular markers, may further explain the observed variations in stage and survival across races/ethnicities and provide greater insight into breast cancer etiology in different populations.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1

Supported by Contract N01 CN 05230 from the National Cancer Institute, NIH.

3

The abbreviations used are: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (survey); NOS, not otherwise specified; OR odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICD-O, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology.

Table 1

Comparison of various characteristics among 93,317 subjects of different races/ethnicities

CharacteristicRace/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic whiteAfrican AmericanNative AmericanAsian/Pacific IslanderHispanic white
n = 75,978%n = 6,915%n = 203%n = 5,750%n = 4,471%
Demographics           
 Age at diagnosis, yr           
  50–59 20,566 27.1 2,391 34.6 102 50.3 2,145 37.3 1,628 36.4 
  60–69 21,874 28.8 2,120 30.7 53 26.1 1,891 32.9 1,483 33.2 
  70–79 21,871 28.8 1,664 24.1 37 18.2 1,324 23.0 971 21.7 
  ≥80 11,667 15.4 740 10.7 11 5.4 390 6.8 389 8.7 
 Diagnosis year           
  1992 10,497 13.8 943 13.6 39 19.2 678 11.8 699 15.6 
  1993 10,409 13.7 904 13.1 25 12.3 680 11.8 653 14.6 
  1994 10,523 13.9 947 13.7 31 15.3 685 11.9 573 12.8 
  1995 10,775 14.2 1,002 14.5 22 10.8 812 14.1 611 13.7 
  1996 10,857 14.3 1,009 14.6 36 17.7 846 14.7 620 13.9 
  1997 11,574 15.2 1,054 15.2 28 13.8 1,031 17.9 625 14.0 
  1998 11,343 14.9 1,056 15.3 22 10.8 1,018 17.7 690 15.4 
 Registry           
  Atlanta 3,758 5.0 1,080 15.6 2.5 35 0.6 32 0.7 
  Connecticut 9,899 13.0 470 6.8 1.0 29 0.5 148 3.3 
  Detroit 9,387 12.4 2,108 30.5 1.5 60 1.0 31 0.7 
  Hawaii 870 1.2 14 0.2 3.9 2,144 37.3 0.1 
  Iowa 9,302 12.2 88 1.3 1.0 14 0.2 26 0.6 
  Los Angeles 13,606 17.9 2,001 28.9 4.4 1,550 27.0 2,300 51.4 
  New Mexico 2,817 3.7 48 0.7 104 51.2 18 0.3 811 18.1 
  San Francisco/Oakland 8,452 11.1 823 11.9 3.5 1,107 19.3 557 12.5 
  San Jose 4,253 5.6 82 1.2 2.0 456 7.9 417 9.3 
  Seattle 10,051 13.2 195 2.8 54 26.6 305 5.3 58 1.3 
  Utah 3,583 4.7 0.1 2.5 32 0.6 86 1.9 
Tumor characteristics           
 AJCC stagea           
  I 40,440 53.2 2,700 39.1 97 47.8 2,967 51.6 1,856 41.5 
  II 27,099 35.7 2,891 41.8 70 34.5 2,169 37.7 1,962 43.9 
  III 4,794 6.3 728 10.5 20 9.9 364 6.3 373 8.3 
  IV 3,645 4.8 596 8.6 16 7.9 250 4.4 280 6.3 
 Grade           
  1 11,715 15.4 688 10.0 19 9.4 768 13.4 532 11.9 
  2 27,095 35.7 1,888 27.3 75 37.0 2,094 36.4 1,439 32.2 
  3 20,174 26.6 2,453 35.5 54 26.6 1,706 29.7 1,452 32.5 
  4 1,804 2.4 146 2.1 4.4 135 2.4 118 2.6 
  Unknown 15,190 20.0 1,740 25.2 46 22.7 1,047 18.2 930 20.8 
 Size           
  <2.0 43,533 57.3 2,957 42.8 102 50.3 3,160 55.0 2,003 44.8 
  2.0–4.9 24,354 32.1 2,658 38.4 75 37.0 1,931 33.6 1,799 40.2 
  ≥5.0+ 5,641 7.4 978 14.1 19 9.4 530 9.2 503 11.3 
  Unknown 2,450 3.2 322 4.7 3.5 129 2.2 166 3.7 
 No. of positive LNs           
  0 41,254 54.3 2,986 43.2 91 44.8 3,323 57.8 2,217 49.6 
  1 6,507 8.6 635 9.2 20 9.9 449 7.8 390 8.7 
  2–4 6,628 8.7 706 10.2 22 10.8 529 9.2 464 10.4 
  ≥5 5,953 7.8 689 10.0 23 11.3 502 8.7 497 11.1 
  None examined 15,225 20.0 1,805 26.1 45 22.2 906 15.8 861 19.3 
  Unknown 411 0.5 94 1.4 1.0 41 0.7 33 0.9 
 No. of LNs examined           
  1–10 16,847 22.2 1,318 19.1 37 18.2 1,244 21.6 848 19.0 
  11–20 32,955 43.4 2,772 40.1 90 44.3 2,533 44.1 1,991 44.5 
  ≥20 9,947 13.1 870 12.6 27 13.3 980 17.0 701 15.7 
  None examined 15,232 20.1 1,805 26.1 45 22.2 906 15.8 864 19.3 
  Unknown 70 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 
 ER status           
  Positive 49,807 65.6 3,283 47.5 121 59.6 3,662 63.7 2,429 54.3 
  Negative 11,536 15.2 1,668 24.1 49 24.1 1,091 19.0 795 17.8 
  Borderline 422 0.6 45 0.7 1.0 28 0.5 19 0.4 
  Not assessed 3,578 4.7 559 8.1 16 7.9 244 4.2 252 5.6 
  Unknown 10,635 14.0 1,360 19.7 15 7.9 725 12.6 976 21.8 
 PR status           
  Positive 41,086 54.1 2,653 38.4 100 49.3 3,123 54.3 1,999 44.7 
  Negative 18,070 23.8 2,100 30.4 66 62.5 1,525 26.5 1,132 25.3 
 Borderline 649 0.9 72 1.0 2.0 40 0.7 24 0.5 
 Not assessed 4,407 5.8 670 9.7 17 8.4 308 5.4 298 6.7 
 Unknown 11,766 15.5 1,420 20.5 16 7.9 754 13.1 1,018 22.8 
Histology           
 Ductal 53,545 70.5 4,858 70.3 143 70.4 4,364 75.9 3,086 69.0 
 Lobular 7,277 9.6 437 6.3 12 5.9 259 4.5 320 7.2 
 Ductal/lobular 4,508 5.9 323 4.7 10 4.9 196 3.4 243 5.4 
 Comedocarcinoma 1,304 1.7 176 2.6 4.4 158 2.8 100 2.2 
 Mucinous 2,054 2.7 198 2.6 1.5 198 3.4 114 2.6 
 Adenocarcinoma 1,428 1.9 181 2.6 2.0 106 1.8 133 3.0 
 Tubular 1,506 2.0 59 0.9 0.5 57 1.0 68 1.5 
 Medullary 522 0.7 152 2.2 3.0 67 1.2 74 1.7 
 Other/unknown 3,834 5.1 531 7.7 15 7.4 345 6.0 333 7.5 
CharacteristicRace/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic whiteAfrican AmericanNative AmericanAsian/Pacific IslanderHispanic white
n = 75,978%n = 6,915%n = 203%n = 5,750%n = 4,471%
Demographics           
 Age at diagnosis, yr           
  50–59 20,566 27.1 2,391 34.6 102 50.3 2,145 37.3 1,628 36.4 
  60–69 21,874 28.8 2,120 30.7 53 26.1 1,891 32.9 1,483 33.2 
  70–79 21,871 28.8 1,664 24.1 37 18.2 1,324 23.0 971 21.7 
  ≥80 11,667 15.4 740 10.7 11 5.4 390 6.8 389 8.7 
 Diagnosis year           
  1992 10,497 13.8 943 13.6 39 19.2 678 11.8 699 15.6 
  1993 10,409 13.7 904 13.1 25 12.3 680 11.8 653 14.6 
  1994 10,523 13.9 947 13.7 31 15.3 685 11.9 573 12.8 
  1995 10,775 14.2 1,002 14.5 22 10.8 812 14.1 611 13.7 
  1996 10,857 14.3 1,009 14.6 36 17.7 846 14.7 620 13.9 
  1997 11,574 15.2 1,054 15.2 28 13.8 1,031 17.9 625 14.0 
  1998 11,343 14.9 1,056 15.3 22 10.8 1,018 17.7 690 15.4 
 Registry           
  Atlanta 3,758 5.0 1,080 15.6 2.5 35 0.6 32 0.7 
  Connecticut 9,899 13.0 470 6.8 1.0 29 0.5 148 3.3 
  Detroit 9,387 12.4 2,108 30.5 1.5 60 1.0 31 0.7 
  Hawaii 870 1.2 14 0.2 3.9 2,144 37.3 0.1 
  Iowa 9,302 12.2 88 1.3 1.0 14 0.2 26 0.6 
  Los Angeles 13,606 17.9 2,001 28.9 4.4 1,550 27.0 2,300 51.4 
  New Mexico 2,817 3.7 48 0.7 104 51.2 18 0.3 811 18.1 
  San Francisco/Oakland 8,452 11.1 823 11.9 3.5 1,107 19.3 557 12.5 
  San Jose 4,253 5.6 82 1.2 2.0 456 7.9 417 9.3 
  Seattle 10,051 13.2 195 2.8 54 26.6 305 5.3 58 1.3 
  Utah 3,583 4.7 0.1 2.5 32 0.6 86 1.9 
Tumor characteristics           
 AJCC stagea           
  I 40,440 53.2 2,700 39.1 97 47.8 2,967 51.6 1,856 41.5 
  II 27,099 35.7 2,891 41.8 70 34.5 2,169 37.7 1,962 43.9 
  III 4,794 6.3 728 10.5 20 9.9 364 6.3 373 8.3 
  IV 3,645 4.8 596 8.6 16 7.9 250 4.4 280 6.3 
 Grade           
  1 11,715 15.4 688 10.0 19 9.4 768 13.4 532 11.9 
  2 27,095 35.7 1,888 27.3 75 37.0 2,094 36.4 1,439 32.2 
  3 20,174 26.6 2,453 35.5 54 26.6 1,706 29.7 1,452 32.5 
  4 1,804 2.4 146 2.1 4.4 135 2.4 118 2.6 
  Unknown 15,190 20.0 1,740 25.2 46 22.7 1,047 18.2 930 20.8 
 Size           
  <2.0 43,533 57.3 2,957 42.8 102 50.3 3,160 55.0 2,003 44.8 
  2.0–4.9 24,354 32.1 2,658 38.4 75 37.0 1,931 33.6 1,799 40.2 
  ≥5.0+ 5,641 7.4 978 14.1 19 9.4 530 9.2 503 11.3 
  Unknown 2,450 3.2 322 4.7 3.5 129 2.2 166 3.7 
 No. of positive LNs           
  0 41,254 54.3 2,986 43.2 91 44.8 3,323 57.8 2,217 49.6 
  1 6,507 8.6 635 9.2 20 9.9 449 7.8 390 8.7 
  2–4 6,628 8.7 706 10.2 22 10.8 529 9.2 464 10.4 
  ≥5 5,953 7.8 689 10.0 23 11.3 502 8.7 497 11.1 
  None examined 15,225 20.0 1,805 26.1 45 22.2 906 15.8 861 19.3 
  Unknown 411 0.5 94 1.4 1.0 41 0.7 33 0.9 
 No. of LNs examined           
  1–10 16,847 22.2 1,318 19.1 37 18.2 1,244 21.6 848 19.0 
  11–20 32,955 43.4 2,772 40.1 90 44.3 2,533 44.1 1,991 44.5 
  ≥20 9,947 13.1 870 12.6 27 13.3 980 17.0 701 15.7 
  None examined 15,232 20.1 1,805 26.1 45 22.2 906 15.8 864 19.3 
  Unknown 70 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 
 ER status           
  Positive 49,807 65.6 3,283 47.5 121 59.6 3,662 63.7 2,429 54.3 
  Negative 11,536 15.2 1,668 24.1 49 24.1 1,091 19.0 795 17.8 
  Borderline 422 0.6 45 0.7 1.0 28 0.5 19 0.4 
  Not assessed 3,578 4.7 559 8.1 16 7.9 244 4.2 252 5.6 
  Unknown 10,635 14.0 1,360 19.7 15 7.9 725 12.6 976 21.8 
 PR status           
  Positive 41,086 54.1 2,653 38.4 100 49.3 3,123 54.3 1,999 44.7 
  Negative 18,070 23.8 2,100 30.4 66 62.5 1,525 26.5 1,132 25.3 
 Borderline 649 0.9 72 1.0 2.0 40 0.7 24 0.5 
 Not assessed 4,407 5.8 670 9.7 17 8.4 308 5.4 298 6.7 
 Unknown 11,766 15.5 1,420 20.5 16 7.9 754 13.1 1,018 22.8 
Histology           
 Ductal 53,545 70.5 4,858 70.3 143 70.4 4,364 75.9 3,086 69.0 
 Lobular 7,277 9.6 437 6.3 12 5.9 259 4.5 320 7.2 
 Ductal/lobular 4,508 5.9 323 4.7 10 4.9 196 3.4 243 5.4 
 Comedocarcinoma 1,304 1.7 176 2.6 4.4 158 2.8 100 2.2 
 Mucinous 2,054 2.7 198 2.6 1.5 198 3.4 114 2.6 
 Adenocarcinoma 1,428 1.9 181 2.6 2.0 106 1.8 133 3.0 
 Tubular 1,506 2.0 59 0.9 0.5 57 1.0 68 1.5 
 Medullary 522 0.7 152 2.2 3.0 67 1.2 74 1.7 
 Other/unknown 3,834 5.1 531 7.7 15 7.4 345 6.0 333 7.5 
a

AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; LN, lymph node.

Table 2

Relative risks of ER-negative and PR-negative breast cancer by race and ethnicity

Race/EthnicityER statusPR status
PositiveNegativeORa95% CIPositiveNegativeOR95% CI
n%n%n%n%
Non-Hispanic white 49,807 81.2 11,536 18.8 1.0 (ref) 41,086 69.5 18,070 30.6 1.0 (ref) 
African American 3,283 66.3 1,668 33.7 2.1b 1.9–2.2 2,653 55.8 2,100 44.2 1.7b 1.6–1.8 
Native American 121 71.2 49 28.8 1.7b 1.2–2.3 100 60.2 66 39.8 1.4b 1.0–2.0 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 3,662 77.1 1,091 23.0 1.4b 1.2–1.5 3,123 67.2 1,525 32.8 1.2b 1.1–1.3 
 Japanese 1,311 80.0 327 20.0 1.2b 1.0–1.3 1,132 70.2 480 29.8 1.0 0.9–1.1 
 Filipino 795 75.6 256 24.4 1.3b 1.2–1.6 656 64.5 361 35.5 1.3b 1.1–1.4 
 Chinese 686 77.1 204 22.9 1.4b 1.1–1.6 579 66.6 290 33.4 1.2b 1.0–1.4 
 Hawaiian 359 80.7 86 19.3 1.0 0.8–1.4 316 72.2 122 27.9 0.9 0.7–1.1 
 Korean 108 60.7 70 39.3 2.6b 1.9–3.6 88 51.2 84 48.8 2.1b 1.6–2.9 
 Vietnamese 90 67.2 44 32.8 2.0b 1.4–2.9 78 59.1 54 40.9 1.6b 1.1–2.2 
 Indian/Pakistani 89 72.4 34 27.6 1.5b 1.0–2.3 77 62.6 46 37.4 1.3 0.9–1.9 
 Other Asian/PI 224 76.2 70 23.8 1.3 1.0–1.7 197 69.1 88 30.9 1.0 0.8–1.3 
Hispanic White 2,429 75.3 795 24.7 1.4b 1.3–1.5 1,999 63.9 1,132 36.2 1.3b 1.2–1.4 
 Mexican 583 74.5 200 25.5 1.5b 1.2–1.7 490 65.3 261 34.8 1.2b 1.0–1.4 
 South/Central American 243 70.4 102 29.6 1.7b 1.3–2.1 196 59.9 131 40.1 1.5b 1.2–1.9 
 Puerto Rican 61 70.1 26 29.9 1.7b 1.1–2.7 53 60.9 34 39.1 1.3 0.9–2.1 
 Other Hispanic 1,542 76.8 467 23.3 1.3b 1.1–1.4 1,260 64.1 706 35.9 1.2b 1.1–1.4 
Race/EthnicityER statusPR status
PositiveNegativeORa95% CIPositiveNegativeOR95% CI
n%n%n%n%
Non-Hispanic white 49,807 81.2 11,536 18.8 1.0 (ref) 41,086 69.5 18,070 30.6 1.0 (ref) 
African American 3,283 66.3 1,668 33.7 2.1b 1.9–2.2 2,653 55.8 2,100 44.2 1.7b 1.6–1.8 
Native American 121 71.2 49 28.8 1.7b 1.2–2.3 100 60.2 66 39.8 1.4b 1.0–2.0 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 3,662 77.1 1,091 23.0 1.4b 1.2–1.5 3,123 67.2 1,525 32.8 1.2b 1.1–1.3 
 Japanese 1,311 80.0 327 20.0 1.2b 1.0–1.3 1,132 70.2 480 29.8 1.0 0.9–1.1 
 Filipino 795 75.6 256 24.4 1.3b 1.2–1.6 656 64.5 361 35.5 1.3b 1.1–1.4 
 Chinese 686 77.1 204 22.9 1.4b 1.1–1.6 579 66.6 290 33.4 1.2b 1.0–1.4 
 Hawaiian 359 80.7 86 19.3 1.0 0.8–1.4 316 72.2 122 27.9 0.9 0.7–1.1 
 Korean 108 60.7 70 39.3 2.6b 1.9–3.6 88 51.2 84 48.8 2.1b 1.6–2.9 
 Vietnamese 90 67.2 44 32.8 2.0b 1.4–2.9 78 59.1 54 40.9 1.6b 1.1–2.2 
 Indian/Pakistani 89 72.4 34 27.6 1.5b 1.0–2.3 77 62.6 46 37.4 1.3 0.9–1.9 
 Other Asian/PI 224 76.2 70 23.8 1.3 1.0–1.7 197 69.1 88 30.9 1.0 0.8–1.3 
Hispanic White 2,429 75.3 795 24.7 1.4b 1.3–1.5 1,999 63.9 1,132 36.2 1.3b 1.2–1.4 
 Mexican 583 74.5 200 25.5 1.5b 1.2–1.7 490 65.3 261 34.8 1.2b 1.0–1.4 
 South/Central American 243 70.4 102 29.6 1.7b 1.3–2.1 196 59.9 131 40.1 1.5b 1.2–1.9 
 Puerto Rican 61 70.1 26 29.9 1.7b 1.1–2.7 53 60.9 34 39.1 1.3 0.9–2.1 
 Other Hispanic 1,542 76.8 467 23.3 1.3b 1.1–1.4 1,260 64.1 706 35.9 1.2b 1.1–1.4 
a

All ORs are adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and SEER registry using polytomous logistic regression in which the reference (ref) race/ethnicity is non-Hispanic whites, the baseline ER status is ER positive, and the baseline PR status is PR positive.

b

P < 0.05.

Table 3

Relative risks of different ER/PR breast cancer profiles by race and ethnicity

Race/EthnicityER/PR status
ER+/PR+ER+/PR−ORa95% CIER−/PR+ORER−/PR−OR95% CI
n%n%n%n%
Non-Hispanic white 39,376 66.9 8,299 14.1 1.0 (ref) 1,545 2.6 1.0 (ref) 9,604 16.3 1.0 (ref) 
African American 2,465 52.3 638 13.5 1.2b 1.1–1.3 171 3.6 1.5b 1.3–1.8 1,441 30.6 2.2b 2.1–2.4 
Native American 94 57.3 21 12.8 1.0 0.6–1.7 3.1 1.5 0.6–3.7 44 26.8 1.8b 1.3–2.6 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 2,948 63.8 608 13.2 1.0 0.9–1.1 163 3.5 1.2b 1.0–1.5 904 19.6 1.4b 1.2–1.5 
 Japanese 1,075 67.0 210 13.1 0.9 0.7–1.0 53 3.3 1.1 0.8–1.6 267 16.6 1.1 1.0–1.3 
 Filipino 614 60.7 147 14.5 1.1 0.9–1.4 39 3.9 1.3 0.9–1.8 211 20.9 1.4b 1.2–1.6 
 Chinese 545 63.2 120 13.9 1.0 0.8–1.3 31 3.6 1.3 0.9–1.9 167 19.4 1.4b 1.1–1.6 
 Hawaiian 299 69.1 50 11.6 0.8 0.5–1.0 15 3.5 1.0 0.6–1.8 69 15.9 1.0 0.7–1.3 
 Korean 80 46.5 22 12.8 1.3 0.8–2.1 4.7 2.0 1.0–4.2 62 36.1 3.1b 2.2–4.3 
 Vietnamese 74 56.1 14 10.6 0.9 0.5–1.6 3.0 1.2 0.4–3.4 40 30.3 2.1b 1.5–3.1 
 Indian/Pakistani 75 61.0 14 11.4 0.9 0.5–1.6 1.6 0.6 0.1–2.4 32 26.0 1.6b 1.1–2.5 
 Other Asian/PI 186 65.5 31 10.9 0.8 0.6–1.2 11 3.9 1.3 0.7–2.5 56 19.7 1.2 0.9–1.6 
Hispanic White 1,876 60.3 461 14.8 1.1b 1.0–1.3 111 3.6 1.3b 1.1–1.6 662 21.3 1.4b 1.3–1.6 
 Mexican 463 61.8 92 12.3 0.9 0.7–1.2 26 3.5 1.2 0.8–1.8 168 22.4 1.5b 1.2–1.8 
 South/Central American 177 54.6 52 16.1 1.4b 1.0–1.9 16 4.9 1.8b 1.0–3.0 79 24.4 1.7b 1.3–2.3 
 Puerto Rican 49 57.0 11 12.8 1.0 0.5–1.9 3.5 1.3 0.4–4.3 23 26.7 1.7b 1.1–2.9 
 Other Hispanic 1,187 60.8 306 15.7 1.2b 1.0–1.3 66 3.4 1.3b 1.0–1.7 392 20.1 1.3b 1.2–1.5 
Race/EthnicityER/PR status
ER+/PR+ER+/PR−ORa95% CIER−/PR+ORER−/PR−OR95% CI
n%n%n%n%
Non-Hispanic white 39,376 66.9 8,299 14.1 1.0 (ref) 1,545 2.6 1.0 (ref) 9,604 16.3 1.0 (ref) 
African American 2,465 52.3 638 13.5 1.2b 1.1–1.3 171 3.6 1.5b 1.3–1.8 1,441 30.6 2.2b 2.1–2.4 
Native American 94 57.3 21 12.8 1.0 0.6–1.7 3.1 1.5 0.6–3.7 44 26.8 1.8b 1.3–2.6 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 2,948 63.8 608 13.2 1.0 0.9–1.1 163 3.5 1.2b 1.0–1.5 904 19.6 1.4b 1.2–1.5 
 Japanese 1,075 67.0 210 13.1 0.9 0.7–1.0 53 3.3 1.1 0.8–1.6 267 16.6 1.1 1.0–1.3 
 Filipino 614 60.7 147 14.5 1.1 0.9–1.4 39 3.9 1.3 0.9–1.8 211 20.9 1.4b 1.2–1.6 
 Chinese 545 63.2 120 13.9 1.0 0.8–1.3 31 3.6 1.3 0.9–1.9 167 19.4 1.4b 1.1–1.6 
 Hawaiian 299 69.1 50 11.6 0.8 0.5–1.0 15 3.5 1.0 0.6–1.8 69 15.9 1.0 0.7–1.3 
 Korean 80 46.5 22 12.8 1.3 0.8–2.1 4.7 2.0 1.0–4.2 62 36.1 3.1b 2.2–4.3 
 Vietnamese 74 56.1 14 10.6 0.9 0.5–1.6 3.0 1.2 0.4–3.4 40 30.3 2.1b 1.5–3.1 
 Indian/Pakistani 75 61.0 14 11.4 0.9 0.5–1.6 1.6 0.6 0.1–2.4 32 26.0 1.6b 1.1–2.5 
 Other Asian/PI 186 65.5 31 10.9 0.8 0.6–1.2 11 3.9 1.3 0.7–2.5 56 19.7 1.2 0.9–1.6 
Hispanic White 1,876 60.3 461 14.8 1.1b 1.0–1.3 111 3.6 1.3b 1.1–1.6 662 21.3 1.4b 1.3–1.6 
 Mexican 463 61.8 92 12.3 0.9 0.7–1.2 26 3.5 1.2 0.8–1.8 168 22.4 1.5b 1.2–1.8 
 South/Central American 177 54.6 52 16.1 1.4b 1.0–1.9 16 4.9 1.8b 1.0–3.0 79 24.4 1.7b 1.3–2.3 
 Puerto Rican 49 57.0 11 12.8 1.0 0.5–1.9 3.5 1.3 0.4–4.3 23 26.7 1.7b 1.1–2.9 
 Other Hispanic 1,187 60.8 306 15.7 1.2b 1.0–1.3 66 3.4 1.3b 1.0–1.7 392 20.1 1.3b 1.2–1.5 
a

All ORs are adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and SEER registry using polytomous logistic regression in which the reference (ref) race/ethnicity is non-Hispanic whites and the baseline ER/PR status is ER-positive/PR-positive.

b

P < 0.05.

Table 4

Relative risks of different breast cancer histological types by race and ethnicity

Race/EthnicityHistology
Lobular (n = 9,902)Ductal/lobular (n = 6,990)Mucinous (n = 3,011)Comedocarcinoma (n = 2,798)Adenocarcinoma (n = 2,397)Tubular (n = 2,072)Medullary (n = 1,589)
ORa95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Non-Hispanic white 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 
African American 0.6b 0.6–0.7 0.7b 0.6–0.8 1.3b 1.1–1.5 1.2b 1.0–1.4 1.5b 1.2–1.7 0.5b 0.4–0.6 3.0b 2.5–3.7 
Native American 0.7 0.4–1.2 0.8 0.4–1.6 3.4b 1.7–6.9 0.6 0.2–1.9 0.9 0.3–2.5 0.2 0.03–1.4 4.7b 2.0–11.0 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 0.5b 0.4–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.6 1.8b 1.4–2.1 1.3b 1.1–1.5 1.1 0.9–1.4 0.3b 0.3–0.5 1.7b 1.3–2.3 
 Japanese 0.6b 0.5–0.7 0.4b 0.3–0.6 1.3 0.9–1.9 1.1 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.6–1.4 0.5b 0.3–0.7 1.5 0.9–2.6 
 Filipino 0.4b 0.3–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.7 2.1b 1.6–2.9 1.4 1.0–1.9 1.3 0.9–1.9 0.2b 0.1–0.4 1.7b 1.1–2.8 
 Chinese 0.4b 0.3–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.7 2.0b 1.4–2.9 1.5b 1.1–2.0 1.2 0.8–1.8 0.2b 0.1–0.5 1.8b 1.1–3.2 
 Hawaiian 0.9 0.6–1.3 0.6 0.3–1.1 1.0 0.4–2.3 1.7 1.0–2.8 0.8 0.3–1.8 0.3b 0.1–0.8 0.6 0.1–2.7 
 Korean 0.3b 0.1–0.6 0.3b 0.1–0.7 1.9 0.9–3.9 0.9 0.4–2.2 1.7 0.7–3.8 0.3 0.1–1.2 2.4 1.0–5.8 
 Vietnamese 0.4b 0.2–0.9 0.5 0.3–1.1 1.9 0.9–4.2 1.2 0.5–2.9 2.4b 1.1–5.2 0.4 0.1–1.8 1.4 0.3–5.7 
 Indian/Pakistani 0.6 0.3–1.2 1.2 0.7–2.1 1.6 0.7–4.0 1.5 0.6–3.7 1.2 0.4–3.8 0.6 0.1–2.3 1.6 0.4–6.9 
 Other Asian/PI 0.5b 0.3–0.8 0.5b 0.3–0.9 1.2 0.6–2.5 1.4 0.8–2.5 0.7 0.3–1.8 0.5 0.2–1.2 1.4 0.5–3.7 
Hispanic white 0.7b 0.6–0.8 0.7b 0.6–0.8 1.3b 1.0–1.6 1.0 0.8–1.2 1.6b 1.3–1.9 0.7b 0.5–0.9 2.2b 1.7–2.8 
 Mexican 0.8b 0.6–1.0 0.7b 0.6–0.9 1.5b 1.0–2.1 1.0 0.7–1.5 2.2b 1.6–3.0 0.7 0.5–1.2 2.0b 1.2–3.2 
 South/Central American 0.6b 0.4–0.8 0.8 0.6–1.1 1.6 1.0–2.7 1.0 0.5–1.7 2.1b 1.3–3.4 0.6 0.3–1.3 1.8 0.9–3.6 
 Puerto Rican 0.8 0.4–1.6 0.8 0.4–1.9 1.4 0.4–4.5 1.1 0.3–3.4 2.2 0.8–5.9 0.5 0.1–3.6 7.7b 3.5–16.9 
 Other Hispanic 0.7b 0.6–0.9 0.7b 0.5–0.8 1.1 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.7–1.2 1.2 1.0–1.6 0.6b 0.5–0.9 2.1b 1.5–2.9 
Race/EthnicityHistology
Lobular (n = 9,902)Ductal/lobular (n = 6,990)Mucinous (n = 3,011)Comedocarcinoma (n = 2,798)Adenocarcinoma (n = 2,397)Tubular (n = 2,072)Medullary (n = 1,589)
ORa95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Non-Hispanic white 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 1.0 (ref) 
African American 0.6b 0.6–0.7 0.7b 0.6–0.8 1.3b 1.1–1.5 1.2b 1.0–1.4 1.5b 1.2–1.7 0.5b 0.4–0.6 3.0b 2.5–3.7 
Native American 0.7 0.4–1.2 0.8 0.4–1.6 3.4b 1.7–6.9 0.6 0.2–1.9 0.9 0.3–2.5 0.2 0.03–1.4 4.7b 2.0–11.0 
Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) 0.5b 0.4–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.6 1.8b 1.4–2.1 1.3b 1.1–1.5 1.1 0.9–1.4 0.3b 0.3–0.5 1.7b 1.3–2.3 
 Japanese 0.6b 0.5–0.7 0.4b 0.3–0.6 1.3 0.9–1.9 1.1 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.6–1.4 0.5b 0.3–0.7 1.5 0.9–2.6 
 Filipino 0.4b 0.3–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.7 2.1b 1.6–2.9 1.4 1.0–1.9 1.3 0.9–1.9 0.2b 0.1–0.4 1.7b 1.1–2.8 
 Chinese 0.4b 0.3–0.5 0.5b 0.4–0.7 2.0b 1.4–2.9 1.5b 1.1–2.0 1.2 0.8–1.8 0.2b 0.1–0.5 1.8b 1.1–3.2 
 Hawaiian 0.9 0.6–1.3 0.6 0.3–1.1 1.0 0.4–2.3 1.7 1.0–2.8 0.8 0.3–1.8 0.3b 0.1–0.8 0.6 0.1–2.7 
 Korean 0.3b 0.1–0.6 0.3b 0.1–0.7 1.9 0.9–3.9 0.9 0.4–2.2 1.7 0.7–3.8 0.3 0.1–1.2 2.4 1.0–5.8 
 Vietnamese 0.4b 0.2–0.9 0.5 0.3–1.1 1.9 0.9–4.2 1.2 0.5–2.9 2.4b 1.1–5.2 0.4 0.1–1.8 1.4 0.3–5.7 
 Indian/Pakistani 0.6 0.3–1.2 1.2 0.7–2.1 1.6 0.7–4.0 1.5 0.6–3.7 1.2 0.4–3.8 0.6 0.1–2.3 1.6 0.4–6.9 
 Other Asian/PI 0.5b 0.3–0.8 0.5b 0.3–0.9 1.2 0.6–2.5 1.4 0.8–2.5 0.7 0.3–1.8 0.5 0.2–1.2 1.4 0.5–3.7 
Hispanic white 0.7b 0.6–0.8 0.7b 0.6–0.8 1.3b 1.0–1.6 1.0 0.8–1.2 1.6b 1.3–1.9 0.7b 0.5–0.9 2.2b 1.7–2.8 
 Mexican 0.8b 0.6–1.0 0.7b 0.6–0.9 1.5b 1.0–2.1 1.0 0.7–1.5 2.2b 1.6–3.0 0.7 0.5–1.2 2.0b 1.2–3.2 
 South/Central American 0.6b 0.4–0.8 0.8 0.6–1.1 1.6 1.0–2.7 1.0 0.5–1.7 2.1b 1.3–3.4 0.6 0.3–1.3 1.8 0.9–3.6 
 Puerto Rican 0.8 0.4–1.6 0.8 0.4–1.9 1.4 0.4–4.5 1.1 0.3–3.4 2.2 0.8–5.9 0.5 0.1–3.6 7.7b 3.5–16.9 
 Other Hispanic 0.7b 0.6–0.9 0.7b 0.5–0.8 1.1 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.7–1.2 1.2 1.0–1.6 0.6b 0.5–0.9 2.1b 1.5–2.9 
a

All ORs are adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and SEER registry using polytomous logistic regression in which the reference (ref) race/ethnicity is non-Hispanic whites and the baseline histology is ductal (n = 89,556).

b

P < 0.05.

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