Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer globally among men, although incidence and mortality rates vary greatly between countries and there are large disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality within countries. Despite the high burden of this disease, epidemiologic studies have identified few consensus risk factors for total prostate cancer: age, race, family history, and genetic risk loci. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is likely a precursor lesion associated with invasive prostate cancer, although the relationship of HGPIN to prostate cancer is complex and remains incompletely understood (1). However, increasing focus on prostate cancer subtypes in epidemiologic research could yield additional insights into prostate cancer etiology and progression that may lead to identification of further consensus risk factors.

An estimated 1.3 million cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in 2018 making prostate cancer the second most common cancer among men globally (2). There is...

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