Induced PDL1 expression in the tumor microenvironment can be abrogated with neutralizing antibodies against IFNγ. In the B16 model, TLR4/7/8 agonists-formulated tumor vaccine increased antitumor CTL response that correlated with increased tumor infiltrating T cells and increased PDL1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. This induction of PDL1 was found to be IFNγ dependent as shown. When combining PDL1-inducing vaccine with PD1 blocking antibody, regression of established tumors was found. For details, see article by Fu and colleagues on page 4042.