Identification of Novel Isoforms of the EML4-ALK Transforming Gene in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Free

The genome of a subset of non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbors a small inversion within chromosome 2 that gives rise to a transforming fusion gene, EML4-ALK, which encodes an activated protein tyrosine kinase. Although breakpoints within EML4 have been identified in introns 13 and 20, giving rise to variants 1 and 2, respectively, of EML4-ALK, it has remained unclear whether other isoforms of the fusion gene are present in NSCLC cells. We have now screened NSCLC specimens for other in-frame fusion cDNAs that contain both EML4 and ALK sequences. Two slightly different fusion cDNAs in which exon 6 of EML4 was joined to exon 20 of ALK were each identified in two individuals of the cohort. Whereas one cDNA contained only exons 1 to 6 of EML4 (variant 3a), the other also contained an additional 33-bp sequence derived from intron 6 of EML4 (variant 3b). The protein encoded by the latter cDNA thus contained an insertion of 11 amino acids between the EML4 and ALK sequences of that encoded by the former. Both variants 3a and 3b of EML4-ALK exhibited marked transforming activity in vitro as well as oncogenic activity in vivo. A lung cancer cell line expressing endogenous variant 3 of EML4-ALK underwent cell death on exposure to a specific inhibitor of ALK catalytic activity. These data increase the frequency of EML4-ALK–positive NSCLC tumors and bolster the clinical relevance of this oncogenic kinase. [Cancer Res 2008;68(13):4971–6]

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, with >160,000 individuals dying of this condition in 2006 (1). The efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic regimens with regard to improving clinical outcome in lung cancer patients is limited. Activating mutations within the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) have been identified in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the major subtype of lung cancer (2, 3), and chemical inhibitors of the kinase activity of EGFR have been found to be effective in the treatment of a subset of NSCLC patients harboring such mutations. However, these somatic mutations of EGFR are prevalent only among young women, nonsmokers, and Asian populations (3, 4).

We recently identified a novel transforming fusion gene, EML4 (echinoderm microtubule–associated protein–like 4)-ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), in a clinical specimen of lung adenocarcinoma from a 62-year-old male smoker (5). This fusion gene was formed as the result of a small inversion within the short arm of chromosome 2 that joined intron 13 of EML4 to intron 19 of ALK (transcript ID ENST00000389048 in the Ensembl database⁵

). The EML4-ALK protein thus contained the amino-terminal half of EML4 and the intracellular catalytic domain of ALK. Replacement of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of ALK with this region of EML4 results in constitutive dimerization of the kinase domain of ALK and a consequent increase in its catalytic activity (5).

Whereas this EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 3 of 75 individuals with NSCLC, we further identified another isoform of EML4-ALK in two patients of the same cohort (5). In these two individuals, intron 20 of EML4 was disrupted and joined to intron 19 of ALK, with the fusion protein thus consisting of the amino-terminal two thirds of EML4 and the intracellular domain of ALK. This larger version of EML4-ALK was referred to as variant 2, with the original smaller version being termed variant 1. A total of 5 of the 75 (6.7%) patients in the cohort were thus positive for EML4-ALK.

Given that detection of EML4-ALK cDNA by the PCR would be expected to provide a highly sensitive means for diagnosis of lung cancer, and given that inhibition of the catalytic activity of EML4-ALK may be an effective approach to treatment of this disorder, we have examined whether other isoforms of EML4-ALK are associated with NSCLC. We now describe a third isoform of EML4-ALK (variant 3) that is smaller than variants 1 and 2.

PCR. This study was approved by the ethics committees of Jichi Medical University and The Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Total cDNA of NSCLC specimens was synthesized with PowerScript reverse transcriptase (Clontech) and an oligo(dT) primer from total RNA purified with the use of an RNeasy Mini RNA purification kit (Qiagen). Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to amplify the fusion point of EML4-ALK variant 3 mRNA was done with a QuantiTect SYBR Green kit (Qiagen) and the primers 5′-TACCAGTGCTGTCTCAATTGCAGG-3′ and 5′-TCTTGCCAGCAAAGCAGTAGTTGG-3′. A full-length cDNA for EML4-ALK variant 3 was amplified from total cDNA of a NSCLC specimen (ID no. 2075) with PrimeSTAR HS DNA polymerase (Takara Bio) and the primers 5′-ACTCTGTCGGTCCGCTGAATGAAG-3′ and 5′-CCACGGTCTTAGGGATCCCAAGG-3′; PCR was done for 35 cycles of 98°C for 10 s and 68°C for 6 min. The fusion point of EML4-ALK in the genome was amplified by PCR with genomic DNA of NSCLC specimens, PrimeSTAR HS DNA polymerase, and the primers 5′-GGCATAAAGATGTCATCATCAACCAAGG-3′ and 5′-AGCTTGCTCAGCTTGTACTCAGGG-3′. The nucleotide sequences of the EML4-ALK variant 3a and 3b cDNAs have been deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession nos. AB374361 and AB374362, respectively.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the fusion gene was done with archival pathology specimens and with bacterial artificial chromosomes containing genomic DNA corresponding to EML4 or ALK and their flanking regions as probes. In brief, surgically removed lung cancer tissue was fixed in 20% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at a thickness of 3 μm. The sections were placed on glass slides and processed with a Histology FISH Accessory Kit (DakoCytomation) before hybridization with the EML4 and ALK probes and examination with a fluorescence microscope (BX61, Olympus).

Transforming activity of EML4-ALK variant 3. Analyses of the function of EML4-ALK variant 3 were done as described previously (5). In brief, the cDNA for EML4-ALK variant 3a or 3b was fused with an oligonucleotide encoding the FLAG epitope tag and then inserted into the retroviral expression plasmid pMXS (6). The resulting plasmids as well as similar pMXS-based expression plasmids for EML4-ALK variant 1, variant 1 (K589M), or variant 2 were individually introduced into mouse 3T3 fibroblasts by the calcium phosphate method for a focus formation assay and assay of tumorigenicity in nu/nu mice. The same set of EML4-ALK proteins was expressed in HEK293 cells and assayed for kinase activity in vitro with the YFF peptide (7).

The cDNA for FLAG-tagged EML4-ALK variant 3b was also inserted into pMX-iresCD8 for the expression of both EML4-ALK and mouse CD8 (8), and the resulting recombinant retroviruses were used to infect mouse BA/F3 cells (9). CD8-positive cells were then purified with the use of a miniMACS magnetic bead–based separation system (Miltenyi Biotec) and cultured in the absence or presence of mouse interleukin-3 (IL-3; Sigma) or 2,4-pyrimidinediamine (Example 3-39, a specific inhibitor of ALK enzymatic activity that was developed by Novartis⁶

and synthesized by Astellas Pharma).

Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and NCI-H2228 lung cancer cells (both from American Type Culture Collection) as well as 3T3 cells expressing v-Ras were plated in 96-well spheroid culture plates (Celltight Spheroid, Sumilon) at a density of 1 × 10³ per well. Cell growth was examined with the WST-1 Cell Proliferation Reagent (Clontech) after culture for 5 d with 2,4-pyrimidinediamine.

Luciferase reporter assays. The promoter fragments of Fos, Myc, and Bcl-x_L genes were ligated to a luciferase cDNA to generate pFL700 (10), pHXLuc (11), and pBclxl-Luc (12) reporter plasmids, respectively. Luciferase cDNA ligated to the DNA binding sequence for nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) or to the GAS sequence was obtained from Stratagene. HEK293 cells were transfected with these various reporter plasmids together with the expression plasmid for EML4-ALK variant 3b or the empty vector, as described previously (13). The pGL4 plasmid (Promega) for expression of Renilla luciferase was also included in each transfection mixture. After culture of the cells for 2 d, luciferase activity in cell lysates was measured with a Luciferase Assay system (Promega).

Detection of EML-ALK variant 3. The EML4-ALK variant 1 and 2 proteins are produced as a result of genomic rearrangements that lead to the juxtaposition of exons 13 and 20 of EML4, respectively, to exon 20 of ALK. It is theoretically possible that exon 2, 6, 18, or 21 of EML4 also could undergo in-frame fusion to exon 20 of ALK. We therefore examined whether transcripts of any such novel EML4-ALK fusion genes are present in NSCLC cells by RT-PCR analysis with primers that flank each putative fusion point (data not shown). With the primer set for amplification of the EML4 (exon 6)-ALK (exon 20) fusion cDNA, we detected a pair of PCR products in two individuals with lung adenocarcinoma (Fig. 1A). Although one of the patients (tumor ID no. 7969) had a smoking index of 540, the other patient (tumor ID no. 2075) had never smoked. Nucleotide sequencing of each PCR product from both patients revealed that the smaller product of 515 bp corresponded to a fusion cDNA linking exon 6 of EML4 to exon 20 of ALK, whereas the larger product of 548 bp contained an additional sequence of 33 bp that was located between these exons of EML4 and ALK and which mapped to intron 6 of EML4 (Fig. 1B). The larger cDNA would thus be expected to encode a fusion protein with an insertion of 11 amino acids between the EML4 and ALK sequences of the protein encoded by the smaller cDNA.

Although we did not detect human mRNAs or expressed sequence tags containing this cryptic exon of EML4 in the nucleotide sequence databases, it is likely that this exon is physiologic and functional because (a) the fusion cDNA containing this exon was identified in two independent patients and in amounts no less than those of the corresponding cDNA without it (Fig. 1A); (b) the intron-exon boundary sequence for this exon conforms well to the AG-GU rule for mRNA splicing (Fig. 1B); and (c) EML4 cDNAs or expressed sequence tags containing this exon were detected in the sequence databases for other species (for instance, GenBank accession no. AK144604 corresponding to a mouse EML4 cDNA). We thus refer to this cryptic exon as exon 6b and to the original exon 6 as exon 6a (Fig. 1B). The novel isoforms of EML4-ALK transcripts containing exons 1 to 6a or 1 to 6b of EML4 were also designated variants 3a and 3b, respectively.

To isolate a full-length cDNA for EML4-ALK variant 3, we performed RT-PCR with total cDNA of a positive specimen (ID no. 2075) and with a sense strand primer targeted to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of EML4 mRNA and an antisense strand primer targeted to the 3′ UTR of ALK mRNA. One-step PCR analysis yielded cDNA products for both EML4-ALK variants 3a and 3b (Fig. 1C; Supplementary Fig. S1).

The EML4 protein contains an amino-terminal basic domain followed by a hydrophobic echinoderm microtubule–associated protein–like protein (HELP) domain and WD repeats (14). Given that exons 1 to 6 of EML4 encode the basic domain, the proteins encoded by the variant 3 cDNAs contain the entire basic domain of EML4 directly linked to the catalytic domain of ALK (Fig. 1D). The fact that the basic domain was found to be essential for both the self-dimerization and oncogenic activity of EML4-ALK (5) suggested that the variant 3 isoforms likely also possess transforming activity.

Chromosome rearrangement responsible for generation of EML4-ALK variant 3. To show the presence of a chromosome rearrangement responsible for the generation of EML4-ALK variant 3, we attempted to amplify the fusion point between the two genes from the genome of positive NSCLC cells. PCR with primers targeted to regions flanking the putative fusion point yielded a product of ∼8 kbp with the genomic DNA of tumor ID no. 7969 (data not shown). Our failure to detect an unambiguous PCR product with genomic DNA of tumor ID no. 2075 may indicate that the breakpoint in intron 6 of EML4 in this specimen is too distant from exon 6 to be readily amplified by PCR (intron 6 of EML4 is >16 kbp). Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR product for tumor ID no. 7969 revealed that intron 6 of EML4 was disrupted at a position ∼7.1 kbp downstream of exon 6b and was joined to a point 749 bp upstream of exon 20 of ALK (Fig. 2A).

We also confirmed the chromosome rearrangement involving EML4 and ALK by FISH analysis of cells from tumor ID no. 7969 (Fig. 2B) and tumor ID no. 2075 (data not shown) with differentially labeled probes for the two genes. Both genes map to the short arm of chromosome 2 within a distance of ∼12 Mbp. The tumor cells exhibited fusion signals (corresponding to EML4-ALK) in addition to a pair of isolated green and red signals (corresponding to the two genes on the normal chromosome 2). The chromosome rearrangement involving the ALK locus was further verified with a different set of fluorescent probes (Supplementary Fig. S2).

Transforming activity of EML4-ALK variant 3. To compare the transforming potential of variants 1, 2, 3a, and 3b of EML4-ALK, we introduced expression plasmids for each variant into mouse 3T3 fibroblasts for assay of focus formation. No transformed foci were detected for cells transfected with the empty plasmid or with a plasmid for a kinase-inactive mutant (K589M) of EML4-ALK variant 1 (5) in which Lys⁵⁸⁹ in the ATP binding site of the catalytic domain is replaced with Met (Fig. 3A). In contrast, variants 3a and 3b of EML4-ALK each exhibited marked transforming activity that was not less than that of variant 1 or 2. To examine directly the tyrosine kinase activity of EML4-ALK variants, we subjected HEK293 cells expressing each of these variants to an in vitro kinase assay with a synthetic YFF peptide (7). Again, both variants 3a and 3b exhibited marked kinase activity that was not less than that of variant 1 or 2 (Fig. 3B). Similarly, in a tumorigenicity assay with nude mice, 3T3 cells expressing EML4-ALK variant 3b formed large subcutaneous tumors at all injection sites (Fig. 3C). Consistent with our previous observations (5), cells expressing variant 1 or 2 of EML4-ALK also formed tumors.

To examine the intracellular signaling pathways activated by EML4-ALK, we linked the luciferase cDNA to the promoter fragment of Fos, Myc, or Bcl-x_L gene (10–12); the DNA binding sequence for NF-κB; or the GAS sequence [a target site of the transcription factors signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-1 and STAT3; ref. 15]. The resulting constructs were then introduced into HEK293 cells together with an expression plasmid for EML4-ALK variant 3b. EML4-ALK variant 3b markedly activated the promoters of the Fos and Myc genes (Fig. 3D), consistent with the transforming potential of EML4-ALK. In contrast, although STAT3 has been shown to be a downstream target of the NPM-ALK fusion protein (16), EML4-ALK did not activate the GAS sequence, suggesting that STAT3 is unlikely to be a major target of EML4-ALK, as was shown in an EML4-ALK–positive lung cancer cell line by a proteomics approach (17). The distinct subcellular localizations of the two ALK fusion proteins [EML4-ALK in the cytoplasm (5) and NPM-ALK in both the nucleus and cytoplasm (18)] may account for this difference. Whereas EML4-ALK did not activate the Bcl-x_L gene promoter, it induced a small but significant increase in the activity of the NF-κB binding sequence (P = 1.86 × 10⁻⁴, Student's t test).

Several compounds have recently been identified as specific inhibitors of the kinase activity of ALK and as potential drugs for the treatment of lymphoma positive for NPM-ALK (19). We examined the effects of one such inhibitor, 2,4-pyrimidinediamine, on the transforming potential of EML4-ALK. We first determined the effect of this inhibitor on the kinase activity of EML4-ALK variant 3b immunoprecipitated from transfected cells. 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine inhibited the kinase activity of EML4-ALK in a concentration-dependent manner, with a concentration of 1 nmol/L reducing the kinase activity to <50% of the control value (Fig. 4A).

We also introduced EML4-ALK variant 3b and CD8 (or CD8 alone) into the IL-3–dependent hematopoietic cell line BA/F3 (9) and then purified the resulting CD8-positive cell populations. 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, even at a concentration of 20 nmol/L, did not affect the IL-3–dependent growth of BA/F3 cells expressing only CD8 (Fig. 4B), indicating that this agent does not inhibit mitogenic signaling mediated by Janus kinase in BA/F3 cells. Expression of EML4-ALK rendered BA/F3 cells independent of IL-3 for growth, but the cells expressing the fusion protein also rapidly underwent cell death on exposure to 2,4-pyrimidinediamine (Fig. 4B).

Finally, we examined the effect of 2,4-pyrimidinediamine on lung cancer cells that express endogenous EML4-ALK variant 3. The human lung cancer cell line NCI-H2228 expresses EML4-ALK variants 3a and 3b (data not shown) and forms spheroids in a three-dimensional spheroid culture system (Fig. 4C; ref. 20). Whereas 3T3 fibroblasts are unable to form such spheroids, expression of v-Ras in these cells results in the formation of large spheroids in culture. Whereas 2,4-pyrimidinediamine did not affect the proliferation of 3T3 cells expressing v-Ras in this system, it inhibited the growth of NCI-H2228 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 4C). These data thus indicate that EML4-ALK is essential for the growth of cancer cells expressing this oncokinase.

In conclusion, we have identified novel isoforms of EML4-ALK in two patients with NSCLC. A chromosome inversion within 2p was shown to connect intron 6 of EML4 to intron 19 of ALK and to be responsible for the generation of fusion cDNAs connecting exons 1 to 6a or exons 1 to 6b of EML4 to exon 20 of ALK. Given that fusion cDNAs with or without exon 6b of EML4 were each present in the two patients, EML4-ALK variant 3a and 3b proteins are likely to be coexpressed in NSCLC cells. Although RT-PCR analysis to detect EML4-ALK may provide a highly sensitive means to detect lung cancer, it is important that all variant forms of the fusion gene be assayed with appropriately designed primer sets. Given that all the identified variants possess prominent transforming activity, the newly revealed increased incidence of EML4-ALK fusion in NSCLC further increases the importance of the fusion gene as a therapeutic target for this intractable disorder.

K. Takeuchi: Consultant, DAKO. The other authors disclosed no potential conflicts of interest.

Grant support: Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; and grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan, the Smoking Research Foundation of Japan, the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation of Japan, and the Vehicle Racing Commemorative Foundation of Japan.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

We thank Takashi Aoki and Yasunobu Sugiyama for technical assistance.