The initial Hallmarks of Cancer were first described in 2000 by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg as a set of six essential functional properties of tumors that are acquired in the process of malignant initiation and progression (1). Since then, this list has been expanded in 2011 (2) and 2022 (3) to include additional core hallmarks and defining characteristics that enable cancer cells to adopt these functional capabilities, deepening our understanding of the complexity of tumor biology. As we move forward to further comprehend the role of the hallmarks in cancer biology, we asked early- and mid-career investigators for their opinions on the key challenges and open questions related to each of the fourteen Cancer Hallmarks.

Chiara Ambrogio1

In order to sustain uncontrolled growth stimulation, cancer cells have to acquire the ability to cope with oncogenic stress and to overcome an initial barrier...

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